離騷의 性格

金學主 서울대학교 동아문화연구소 1979 東亞文化 Vol.16 No.-

Since Ssu-ma Ch'ien eulogized Ch'u¨ Yu¨an as a great patriotic poet and his Li-Sao (Encountering Sorrow) as a song of"loyalty to his king and love to the people," from Wang Yi (Ch'u Tz'uˇ Chang Chu¨楚辭章句) to modern Chinese scholars (Ch'u Tz'uˇYen Chiu Lun Wen Chi 楚辭硏究論文集), most of the scholars have interpreted Li-Sao as a patriotic poem. But lately some scholars, such as Liao P'ing(Ch'u Tz'uˇ Chiang Yi 楚辭講義), Ho T'ian Hsing (Ch'u T'zu¨ Tzo Yu¨ Han Tai K'ao 楚辭作於漢代考), and Chu Tung Jun (Ch'u Ko and Ch'u Tz'uˇ 楚歌與楚辭, Writer of Li-Sao 離騷的作者, etc.), denying the existence of Ch'u¨ Yu¨an, contended that Li-Sao is a song of "fairy excursion."In this paper, I have examined the above mentioned two directions of interpretation of Li-Sao, and analogized it's character through the analysis of the text. For the convenience of quotation of the text, I gave numbers from 1 to 188 to every line (two phrase for one line) of Li-Sao. (2) In the text of Li-Sao, lines 17-20, 40-41, 44 and 188 directly express the poet's loyalty to his king or love to the people (or the country). But most of the general purport arrives at the despair and resentment to this world. Besides, on the lines 13-16, 19, 38-39, 53, 72-87, and 145-149, we can find a description of the conduct of great sages and tyrants. These also show that Li-Sao is a patriotic poem. On the other hand, in most of the text of Li-Sao the poet describes his visionary excursion to the fairyland and heaven. On lines 54-64, we find his desire of the long journey, and on lines 72-185, we find his three-time fairy excursions. Consequently, we can say that Li-Sao is a song of fairy excursion. (3) Of course there are far more lines which support Li-Sao as a patriotic poem or song of fairy excursion. But both of these two interpretations have a good many negative expressions in themselves. We find in them defects not sufficient to assert the character of the poem as such. So I analyzed the text various ways to obtain the clear character of it. As a result, I draw a deduction that this originated from an early shaman of Ch'u. In concluding the character of Li-Sao, most important factor is an interpretation of P'eng Hsien, which is stated in the last paragraph: "Since none is worthwhile to work with in making good government, I will go and join P'eng Hsien in the place where he abides.(旣莫足與爲美政兮, 吾將從彭咸之所居)" Wang Yi commented on P'eng Hsien as a "sage of Shang dynasty, who drowned himself because his king disregarded his advice," and the last line of Li-Sao has been taken as the poet's statement of his intention to drown himself. But it is clear that his explanation has no basis. As Ho T'ien-Hsing (at Ch'u Tz'uˇ Tzo Yi Han Tai K'ao) pointed out, it is very reasonable to explain P'eng Hsien as ancient shamans, Wu P'eng and Wu Hsien, shown in: Shang Hai Ching, and "to join P'eng Hsien" means rather the poet's, intention to devote himself to occult training as a shaman. At the beginning of Li-Sao, the poet described his family lineage because early shamans were handed down from father to son as a profession. And he introduced his name(字) as Ling Chun(靈均). When we think of Wang Yi's commentary "靈, 巫也" and other shaman's name Ling Hsiu, Ling Fen, and Ling Pao of the Ch'u Tz'uˇ, the name Ling Chu¨n bespeaks itself a name of a shaman. Before his first visionary excursion, the poet paid a visit to the spirit of Emperor Shun to get his advice, which means that Shun was one of the spirit enshrined by the poet shaman. This fact also, explains why Li-Sao has so many descriptions of loyalty to the Kingand love of the country. And most of the works of Ch'u Tz'uˇ, which recorded under the, name of Ch'u¨ Yu¨an and his student Sung Yu¨, such as Chiu-Ko, T`ian-Wen, Yuan-You, P'u-Chu¨, Chiu-Pian, Chao-Hun, and Ta-Chao preserve more obvious tinges of shaman than Li-Sao. Consequently, it might be maintained that Li-Sao is a early song of shaman, neither a patriotic poem nor a song of fairy excursion.

Exploring the Effect of Comprehensibility in K-content Titles on Behavioral Intention: A Need for Cognition Perspective

Chu,Kyounghee(Kyounghee Chu),Kim,Ji Yoon(Ji Yoon Kim) 한국상품학회 2024 商品學硏究 Vol.42 No.1

This study empirically explores the impact of the comprehensibility of K-content titles on consumer evaluation. The specific objective of the research is as follows: to analyze the influence of the comprehensibility level of K-content titles on behavioral intentions (intention to watch). More specifically, this study aims to verify whether the patterns of influence of comprehensibility levels of K-content titles on consumer evaluations differ based on need for cognition(NFC) levels. The experimental results revealed differences in intention to watch K-movies depending on cognitive needs levels. In other words, viewers with lower need for cognition have higher viewing intentions towards movies with titles that are more comprehensible compared to those with less comprehensible titles. On the other hand, viewers with higher need for cognition have higher viewing intentions towards movies with less comprehensible titles compared to those with more comprehensible titles. Prior research has primarily focused on consumer responses to the comprehensibility of key messages or information within the field of communication. In this regard, by applying the concept of comprehensibility to the titles of K-Contents, this research strengthens the theoretical foundation concerning the effectiveness of message delivery and consumer response, while also deepening the understanding of global marketing strategies for K-Contents. In terms of practical implications, it emphasizes to K-Content creators and marketers that the comprehensibility of titles significantly influences consumer interest and viewing intentions. This offers critical guidance in the selection of titles and formulation of marketing strategies for K-Contents. Furthermore, optimizing content titles for a global audience with diverse cognitive needs can contribute to the successful international spread of K-Contents. Therefore, by comprehensively understanding the impact of K-Content titles on consumer evaluations, this study is expected to make significant contributions both academically and practically.

元曲 特質 小考

李桂柱 단국대학교 중어중문학과 1974 中國文學報 Vol.- No.1

龜玆樂 關聯의 개存 硏究成果 檢討 : A Critical Review

홍주희 한국음악사학회 2002 한국음악사학보 Vol.29 No.-

In order to make a systematic approach to the study of Kuei-tzu˘ music 龜玆樂, this paper is intended to investigate the outcomes of existing studies on Kuei-tzu˘ music by Korean and Chinese scholars from the 1950s to the present. Most outcomes have been studied by Chinese musicologists including P'an Huai-su 播?素, Ch'ang Jen-hsia 常任俠, Chou Chi 周吉, Ho Ch'ang-lin 何昌林, Ch'iu Ch'iung-lin 丘璟蓀, Li Ping 呂氷 and so on. Also included are such Korean scholars as An Hwak 安廓, Lee Hye-ku [Yi Hye-gu] 李惠求, Song Bang-song [Song Pang-song] 宋芳松, Cho˘n In-p'yo˘ng 全仁平 and Hong Chu-hu˘i 洪周希, and also such Japanese musicologists as Kishibe Shigeo 岸邊成雄 and Hayashi Kenzo― 林謙三. The outcomes of existing studies on Kuei-tzu˘ music can be divided into two groups in a broad sence : the first group is the outcomes related directly with Kuei-tzu˘ music, while the other group, the outcomes related indirectly with Kuei-tzu˘ music. This paper consists of three parts : Ⅰ. Introduction, Ⅱ. The Main Issue : 1. Studies on Kuei-tzu˘ Music : 1) Studies on Kuei-tzu˘ Music in Ancient Period; Modal Theory Called We-tan-ch'i-sheng 五旦七聲 by Su Chih-p'o 蘇祗婆, Historical Change of Musical Scale, Musical Instruments, and General Approach to Kuei-tzu˘ Music, 2) Relation between Ancient Kuei-tzu˘ Music and Current Makam, 2. Studies of Indirectly Related with Kuie-tzu˘ Music : 1) Outcomes by Cultural Approach, 2) Outcomes by Iconographic Materials, 3) General Survey, Ⅲ. Conclusion. In conclusion it is pointed out that the outcomes of existing studies on Kuei-tzu˘ music by Korean scholars are very poor in comparison with those by Japanese and Chinese scholars. Translations of studies on Kuei-tzu˘ music by Kishibe Shigeo and Hayashi Kenzo― made a contribution to the study of Kuei-tzu˘ Music in Korea. The author, therefore, emphasizes that it is necessary to translate works on Kuei-tzu˘ music by Chinese scholars into Korean.

이동로봇의 여유자유도 최적화에 관한 이론적 고찰

주백석(B. Chu1),성영휘(W.H. Sung) 한국생산제조학회 2013 한국생산제조시스템학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2013 No.8

ADGO: analysis of differentially expressed gene sets using composite GO annotation

Nam, Dougu,Kim, Sang-Bae,Kim, Seon-Kyu,Yang, Sungjin,Kim, Seon-Young,Chu, In-Sun Oxford University Press 2006 Bioinformatics Vol.22 No.18

<P><B>Motivation:</B> Genes are typically expressed in modular manners in biological processes. Recent studies reflect such features in analyzing gene expression patterns by directly scoring gene sets. Gene annotations have been used to define the gene sets, which have served to reveal specific biological themes from expression data. However, current annotations have limited analytical power, because they are classified by single categories providing only unary information for the gene sets.</P><P><B>Results:</B> Here we propose a method for discovering composite biological themes from expression data. We intersected two annotated gene sets from different categories of Gene Ontology (GO). We then scored the expression changes of all the single and intersected sets. In this way, we were able to uncover, for example, a gene set with the molecular function <I>F</I> and the cellular component <I>C</I> that showed significant expression change, while the changes in individual gene sets were not significant. We provided an exemplary analysis for HIV-1 immune response. In addition, we tested the method on 20 public datasets where we found many ‘filtered’ composite terms the number of which reached ∼34% (a strong criterion, 5% significance) of the number of significant unary terms on average. By using composite annotation, we can derive new and improved information about disease and biological processes from expression data.</P><P><B>Availability:</B> We provide a web application (ADGO: http://array.kobic.re.kr/ADGO) for the analysis of differentially expressed gene sets with composite GO annotations. The user can analyze Affymetrix and dual channel array (spotted cDNA and spotted oligo microarray) data for four species: human, mouse, rat and yeast.</P><P><B>Contact:</B> chu@kribb.re.kr</P><P><B>Supplementary information:</B> http://array.kobic.re.kr/ADGO</P>

X線照射가 免疫形成에 미치는 影響에 關한 實驗的 硏究 : 特히 Pyroninophilia 呈示 細胞所見 Especially in regard to Pyroninophilic cells

金周完 醫藥係社 1963 綜合 醫學 Vol.8 No.11

지표발파시 주파수 특성에 관한 연구

강추원,고진석,이형주 조선대학교 에너지.자원신기술연구소 1998 에너지·자원신기술연구소 논문지 Vol.20 No.1

One of the most troublesome and controversial issues facing the construction is that of ground vibrations, fly rock and air blasts produced from blasting Particularly, ground vibrations bring on directly or indirectly many damages On this study, data of vibration was collected in rock blasting then analyzied data and frequency characterizations of blasting vibration was studied The results can be summarized as follow 1 the formular of square and cube root scaled distance which have a confidence level at the point of 95% are as follows V = 6159.564(D/W^(1/2))^(-1 824) V = 11368.677(D/W^(1/3))^(-1 846), respectively 2 It was found that is proper to get principal frequency by Fast Fourier Transform among two methods 3. This study suggests that new allowable values of vibration according to frequency Namely, If principal frequency is more than 20㎐, then allowable values of vibration should be 0 5㎝/sec and less than 20㎐, then allowable values of vibration should be 0 3㎝/sec.

木花 收量形質의 組合能力 分析

崔周鎬 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 2000 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.13 No.-

For this study 45 cbination of F_1 and F_2 generations were bred from 10×10 diallel cross cotton during the period from April to December, 1998. The combining abilities of their yield. character were analyzed with the following result ; 1. In the variance of combining ability GCA and SCA were significant in all the characters, both the additative effect and the non-additative were shown in the combining ability, but the difference between characters was significant. 2. In the effect analysis of GCA, Quall and Cheju showed a positive effect in number of ball per plant regard of generations boll weight Suncheon, Cheju showed negative effect regardless of generation, Length of seed and width of seed showed a positive effect in imsung fiber length showed a positived effect in Tomcat and Seosan. 3. In SCA effect, number of ball per plant showed a highly effect an F_1 of Tackson×Staneville and F_2 of Seosan×Tamcot combination. Lint weight per boll showed highly effect in F_1 of Soonchun×Imsung and F_2 of Tackson×Stoneville combination. Length of seed, showed highly effect in F_1 of Jackson×Seungju and F_2 of Muan×Tomcot combination, width of seed showed a positive effect in F_1 of Stoneville×Imsung and F_2 of Muam×Cheju and according of denier showed negative effect in F_1 of Qually×Seosan and F_2 of Tamcot×Imsung. Fiber length stowed a positived effect in F_1 of Jackson×stoneville and F_2 of Jackson×seosan combination.

설득커뮤니케이션과 수사학

지주호 東亞大學校獨逸學硏究所 2003 獨逸學硏究 Vol.- No.19

Es handelt sich bei hier vorliegenden Arbeit um die rhetorische Kommunikation, Rhetorik bezeicht sich auf effektwolles Reden zum Zweck des Beeinflussens, U¨berzeugens und U¨berredung. Und die Rhetorik ist ein zusammenfassender Begriff fu¨r die Theorie und Praxis der menschlichen Beredsamkeit in allen o¨ffentlichen und privaten Angelegenheiten. ob sie in mu¨ndlicher, schriftlicher oder durch die technischen Medien (Film, Fernsehen, Internet) vermittelter Form auftritt. Als wissenschaftliche Disziplin bescha¨ftigt sich die Rhetorik mit der Analyse sprachlicher Kommunikation, die wirkungsorientiert, also auf die U¨berzeugung des Zuho¨rers hin ausgerichtet ist. Kommuniktion ist Versta¨ndigung durch Informations vermittlung. Die Kommunikation bezeichnet die systematische Funktion einer Kommunkationsgemeinschaft. Sie hat umgangsprachlich zwei einfache Konnotationen: Angleichung und Gemeinschaft - Informationprozess und Austausch. Der Aspekt der Angleichung ist in den kommunizierenden Gefa¨ssen versinnbildlicht. Der Aspekt der Signalu¨bermittlung ist im Kommunikationsmittel - Modell dargestellt. Die Tatsache, dass die Menschen eine bestimmte Art von Zeichen hervorbringen und aufnahmen, ist Gegenstand unmittelbarer Wahrnemung und zugleich auch Inhalt allta¨glicher Erfahrung. Die Prototype der Kommunikation ist Sprache. Die persuasive Kommunikation beginnt mit der Intention(Absicht) des Sprechers, dem Horer etwas mitzuteilen, z.B. ihn etwas zu fragen, ihm etwas zu befehlen Spechakt zu vollziehen, um eine bestimmte Reaktion beim Ho˙rer zu erscheinen. Bei der Intention ko˙nnen das Motiv (warum etwas gesagt wird), das Thema (woru¨ber gesprochen wird) und die. Form (wie es gesagt wird) unteschieden werden. Rhetorik setzt persuasive Kommunikation, besonders Rede voraus. Eine Rede besteht aus verschiedenen Elementen. Mit Elementen sind hier die verschiedenen Arbeitphasen gemeint. die notwendig sind. um eine Rede hervorzubringen. Am Anfang steht der Gedanke, d.h. die Erfindung der Gedanken (inventio), die Erfindung des Themas der Rde und ihres Inhaltes. Das Thema ist ihm klar, was er sagen soll jedoch noch lange nicht. Die grundlegende Funktion der Rede besteht natu¨rlich darin, den Zuho˙rer fu˙r die Meinung des Reders zu gewinnen. Er soll von der Schuld oder Unschuld eines Angeklagten u¨berzeugt, fu¨r eine politische Vorgehenweise erwa˙rmt werden oder seine Zustimmung fu¨r ein Lob eine Klage oder a¨hnliches erteilten. Das Verha¨ltnis zwischen diesen beiden Wirklichkeitbereich, Die persuasive Kommunikation und Rhetorik, kann unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten gesehen werden. Wenn Kommunikation als Ta¨tigkeit begriffen wird und Ta¨tigkeit nicht nur als Aktivita¨t, sondern als Auseinandersetzung des Menschen rnit seiner Umwelt, dann o¨ffnet sich damit ein neuer Zugang zum Versta¨ndnis des sozialen Charakters von der persuasiven Kommunikation und Rhetorik, Die persuasive Kommunikation und Rhetorik erscheinen unter einem anderen, erweiterten Blickwinkel Menschen kommunizieren in konkreten Sozialsituationen. Jede Kommunikation ist folglich situativ gesteuert. Gespra¨ch als Prototype der Kommunikation, ist die intentionale, wechselseitige Versta¨ndigungshandlung mit dern Ziel, etwas zur gemeinsammeri Sache zu machen. Persuasive Kommunikation ist der Prozeβ des situativ gesteuerten, mentale oder reale Handlungen auslo¨senden Sprechens. Dieser Kommunikationsprozeβ kann als Modell dargestellt werden. Das Modell besteht aus vier konstitutiven Faktoren: Kommunikator, Rezipient, Nachricht und Medium. Nach jedem Faktor wird rhetorische, persuasive Strategie studiert. In der Strategie des persuasiven Kommunkator sind neben seiner Glaubwu¨rdigkeit sein sozialer Status, seine Stellung in der Prima¨rgruppe, seine Attraktivita¨t, Rasse, Gro¨βe u.a. Merkmale mehr zu beru¨cksichtigen. Auf seiten Rezipienten mu¨βten die Pra¨dispositionen in der Perso¨nlichkeitsstruktur wie sozialen Stellung des Rezipienten beachten werden. Die persuasive Aussage (message) soll nach dem wichtigsten systematischen Einteilungsprizip der Rhetorik materiell erscho˙pfend (inventio), u¨bersichtlich gegliedert (dispositio), sprachlich gestaltet (elocutio) sein. Die Medien sind weiter in ihrer persuasiven Relevanz zu betonen, d.h. die durch ihre semiotische bzw. wahrnehmungspsychologische Struktur wie technische Organisation bedingten spezipischen Ausdrucksmoglichkeiten und kommunikativen Chancen. Es sind weiter die Medienpra¨ferenzen auf grund des jeweiligen medienspezipischen Prestiges zu beachten.