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Validity and Reliability of Korean Version of Health Empowerment Scale (K-HES) for Older Adults
Chorong Park,박연환 한국간호과학회 2013 Asian Nursing Research Vol.7 No.3
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Health Empowerment Scale (K-HES). Methods: This was a methodological study, which included translation, pilot study, main study and expert verification. The K-HES was translated and modified based on the Diabetes Empowerment Scalee Short Form. Where diabetes was mentioned in the original tool, the K-HES expanded the items to cover all kinds of health conditions that affected health empowerment. Expert-verification, pilot-test and main study were conducted among 175 Korean elderly. Results: The K-HES had an acceptable internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha of .80. Construct validity was tested using item analysis and convergent validity. Item analysis demonstrated that all of the corrected item to total correlation coefficients possessed good internal consistency (alpha > .60) except for item 1 (.32) and item 6 (.19). Convergent validity was supported by significant correlations between the total scores of the K-HES and the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (Pearson’s coefficient = .60). Content validity was supported by scale content validity index of .96 and item content validity index ranging from .96 to 1.0. Conclusion: The K-HES had acceptable validity and reliability. The brevity and ease of administration of the K-HES makes it a suitable tool for evaluating empowerment-based education programs targeted towards older populations.
Park, Chorong,Lee, Jongga,Lim, Changwon The Korean Statistical Society 2020 Communications for statistical applications and me Vol.27 No.6
Quantitative high throughput screening (qHTS) assays are used to assess toxicity for many chemicals in a short period by collectively analyzing them at several concentrations. Data are routinely analyzed using nonlinear regression models; however, we propose a new method to analyze qHTS data using a nonlinear mixed effects model. qHTS data are generated by repeating the same experiment several times for each chemical; therefor, they can be viewed as if they are repeated measures data and hence analyzed using a nonlinear mixed effects model which accounts for both intra- and inter-individual variabilities. Furthermore, we apply a one-step approach incorporating robust estimation methods to estimate fixed effect parameters and the variance-covariance structure since outliers or influential observations are not uncommon in qHTS data. The toxicity of chemicals from a qHTS assay is classified based on the significance of a parameter related to the efficacy of the chemicals using the proposed method. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method in terms of power and false discovery rate using simulation studies comparing with one existing method. The proposed method is illustrated using a dataset obtained from the National Toxicology Program.
지증왕·법흥왕대 왕실 상장례 변화와 그 의미 -지증왕대 상복법 제정·반행(頒行) 문제를 중심으로-
박초롱 ( Park Chorong ) 한국사상사학회 2019 韓國思想史學 Vol.0 No.62
이 글에서는 지증왕대 제정·반포된 상복법(喪服法)을 중심으로 지증왕과 법흥왕대 일어난 신라 왕실의 상장례 변화상을 정리하고 그 의미를 생각해보고자 하였다. 우선 6세기 중반 이후 채록되었을 것으로 파악하는 『수서』 신라전의 내용과 지증왕 3년의 순장 금지령을 토대로 지증왕 5년 반포된 상복법에는 국왕상에 대한 상복규정이 포함되었을 것으로 보았다. 이를 동시기 중국·일본의 황제·천황 사망시 복상(服喪) 사례와 비교하고, 『삼국사기』에 단편적으로 남아 있는 신라 국왕의 사망 당시 복상과 관련된 기록을 면밀히 살폈다. 그 결과 상복법에서 규정한 국왕상의 복상 기간과 상복 착용의 대상 등 구체적인 내용을 추정해볼 수 있었다. 다음으로 지증왕과 법흥왕대 일어난 상장례 변화의 양상을 살펴보았다. 상복법과 함께 순장의 금지, 시법(諡法)의 시행, 왕릉의 입지 및 묘제(墓制) 변화가 일어났는데, 특히 보수적인 묘제가 50~60년 사이 급격히 변화한 것은 국가적 차원의 강제적 조치로 파악된다. 이러한 일련의 변화는 동시기 신궁 설치 및 국왕 즉위의례로의 정립과정 등을 생각하면 왕실 상장례 및 제례의 정비에 따른 것으로 볼 수 있다고 파악하였다. 마지막으로 지증왕과 법흥왕대 일어난 신라 왕실의 상장례 변화가 갖는 의미를 생각해보았다. 지증왕대 최초로 주군제(州郡制)가 실시되고, 신라라는 국호가 확정된 것은 경주 중심의 소국 사로(斯盧)가 아니라 피복속지역 전체를 아우르는 통일적 국가 신라의 운영을 지향하게 되었음을 보여준다. 이 과정에서 상복법을 전국에 반포해 국왕상에 복상토록한 것은 기존에 차별해왔던 피복속지역을 포함한 ‘신라국’의 ‘국왕’으로서의 성격을 표면화한 것이다. 상복법 제정과 반포가 지증왕 4년 신라 국호의 확정과 마립간에서 ‘신라국왕’으로 존호 개정이 일어난 직후 처음으로 단행된 조치라는 점은 이러한 추정을 뒷받침한다. 한편 율령 반포와 짝을 이루어 국가의례 정비가 일어났으며 유교식 상장례의 영향 아래에서도 신라적 전통이 유지된 것은 이후 신라의 예제(禮制) 운용과 관련해 주목할만한 사항이라고 보았다. This article summarizes changes in the Silla royal family’s mourning and funeral rituals by focusing on the Mourning Law, which was established and promulgated during the reigns of King Chijung and King Beopheung, and discusses what these changes meant. Based on records in Part Silla in Suseo, which were believed to be written after the mid-6th century, and a ban on sacrificial burial in the 3rd year of King Chijung, thisauthor viewed that the Mourning Law promulgated in the 5th year of King Chijung would have included rules on mourning clothes for a king’s funeral. Thus, this author compared the above with mourning clothes worn for the death of a tennoorhuangdi (emperor) in Japan and China during the same period and closely examined records about mourning clothes for a king’s death in Silla, which remained fragmentally in the Samguk sagi. Based on the results, this author conjectured specific requirements set forth in the Mourning Law such as the period of wearing mourning clothes for a king’s funeral and for whom to wear mourning clothes. Next, this article looked into changing patterns in mourning and funeral rituals during the reigns of King Chijung and King Beopheung. Along with the Mourning Law, different changes occurred such as a ban on sacrificial burial, posthumous naming, and a royal tomb’s location and gravesite rituals. In particular, mandatory measures introduced at the national level seem to have drastically changed the tomb style, which tended to be conservative, in just 50 to 60 years. Considering the establishment of Singung and its development into an enthronement ceremony in the same period, it was identified that a series of such changes would have originated from the reorganization of the royal family’s mourning and funeral rituals and ancestral services. Finally, this author thought about the meaning of these changes in the Silla royal family’s mourning and funeral rituals, which took place during the reigns of King Chijung and King Beopheung. The fact that the Ju-Gun system was implemented for the first time and Silla became the country’s official name during the reign of King Chijung demonstrates that the country aimed for not Saro as a small country centered on Gyeongju but Silla as a unified country that covers conquered and subjugated regions. Promulgating the Mourning Law nationwide and requiring people to mourning clothes for a king’s funeral during this process embodies the characteristics of ‘King of Silla’ integrating the conquered and subjugated regions, which used to be discriminated against. Meanwhile, it is worth noting the fact that national rituals were also reorganized coinciding with the introduction of the law and Silla traditions were maintained despite the influence of Confucian mourning and funeral rituals in terms of how Silla operated its ritual system.
만성질환 노인에서 임파워먼트 이론에 근거한 다학제적 자기관리 프로그램의 효과
박초롱(Park, Chorong),송미순(Song, Misoon),조비룡(Cho, Belong),임재영(Lim, Jaeyoung),송욱(Song, Wook),장희경(Chang, HeeKyung),박연환(Park, Yeon-Hwan) 한국간호과학회 2015 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Vol.45 No.2
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a multi-disciplinary self-management intervention based on empowerment theory and to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention for older adults with chronic illness. Methods: A randomized controlled trial design was used with 43 Korean older adults with chronic illness (Experimental group=22, Control group=21). The intervention consisted of two phases: (1) 8-week multi-disciplinary, team guided, group-based health education, exercise session, and individual empowerment counseling, (2) 16-week self-help group activities including weekly exercise and group discussion to maintain acquired self-management skills and problem-solving skills. Baseline, 8-week, and 24-week assessments measured health empowerment, exercise self-efficacy, physical activity, and physical function. Results: Health empowerment, physical activity, and physical function in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group over time. Exercise self-efficacy significantly increased in experimental group over time but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The self-management program based on empowerment theory improved health empowerment, physical activity, and physical function in older adults. The study finding suggests that a health empowerment strategy may be an effective approach for older adults with multiple chronic illnesses in terms of achieving a sense of control over their chronic illness and actively engaging self-management.