법치경제 개혁의 길

좌승희, 조성봉(Sung-Hee JWA),Sung Bong CHO 한국경제연구원 2004 한국경제연구원 연구보고서 Vol.2004 No.-

Sung-Hee JWA and Sung Bong CHO The establishment of the rule of law in the social and economics spheres is fundamental towards effective and practical reform of a country’s legal and institutional environment. Such reform must take place under the rule of law, and not through human or administrative discretion. We claim that establishing ‘a law-governed economy,’ which is defined as the operation of an economy under the rule of law, is an indispensible feature for Korea’s proper economic reform. In Korea, many factors presently hinder the establishment of a law-governed economy, of which the most important are the persistent government intervention into markets, the government’s excessive discretionary power, the weak check and balance among the three government branches, the absence of regulatory bodies’ independence, the unclear division of labor among government bodies, and the ‘egalitarian trap’ embedded in the Korean culture. We argue in this paper that political reform is a prerequisite to a law-governed economy. There should be a conscious effort to remove entry and exit barriers in political markets, as well as reduce significantly its high-cost structure. Through such a process, and by improving the country’s economic institutional environment, more effective economic reform, especially of corporations, will then become possible. Regarding corporate sector reform, there is a need to establish a proper market disciplinary system by strengthening the monitoring roles of various market participants, thus replacing the existing regulatory framework that aims to directly control corporate behavior.

3T Multi Voxel Spectroscopy에서 SENSE와 NEX 변화에 따른 정상인 뇌 대사물질 변화 분석

성열훈,임재동,이재현,조성봉,우동철,최보영,Seong, Yeol-Hun,Rhim, Jae-Dong,Lee, Jae-Hyun,Cho, Sung-Bong,Woo, Dong-Chul,Choe, Bo-Young 한국의학물리학회 2008 의학물리 Vol.19 No.4

자기공명분광법(magnetic resonance spectroscopy: MRS)은 인체내 대사물질을 정량분석하여 병변의 조기진단 및 정밀진단에 도움을 주고 있으며, 최근 임상에 이용되고 있는 자기공명분광법은 single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) 기법과 multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS) 기법이 있다. 본 연구에서는 SENSE와 NEX를 변화시킨 multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS)의 데이터와 기존 single voxel spectroscopy (SVS)의 데이터를 비교 분석하여, 각각의 데이터의 유의성 차이를 평가하고자 하였다. 정상 성인 지원자 13명(남자: 5명, 여자: 8명, 평균 41세, 표준편차 11.65세)을 대상으로 chemical shift image (CSI)를 이용한 MVS검사를 시행하였다. 장비는 3.0T Achieva Release Version 2.1 (Philips Medical System, Netherland)을 이용하였고, 8 channel head coil을 사용하여 brain thalamus 부위에서 CSI spectrum을 1 slice 획득하였다. Scan parameter로는 FOV (field of view): $230{\times}184mm^2$, TR (time to repetition): 2000 msec, TE (time to echo): 288 msec, matrix: $15{\times}12$, VOI(view of interest): $110{\times}110mm^2$, voxel size: $15{\times}15{\times}15mm^3$로 하였다. SENSE factor (S)와 NEX (N)는 S1*N1, S2*N1, S2*N2, S3*N2로 변화하여 스펙트럼을 획득하였고, 각 scan time은 5분 54초, 3분 32초, 6분 20초, 4분 20초였다. 얻은 모든 MRS 데이터는 jMRUI 3.0 Version 프로그램에서 분석하였고, SENSE factor와 NEX를 변화시켜 얻은 MVS data 그룹들이 정상 성인 뇌 대사물질의 변화에 영향을 주는지 검증하기 위해 그룹 간에 ANOVA분석을 실행하여 P 값이 0.05보다 크게 나오면 그룹들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없다고 분석하였다. NAA/Cr과 Cho/Cr의 상대적 비율은 MV와 SVS사이에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 즉, SENSE factor와 NEX를 변화시켜 얻은 MVS data에서 정상 성인 뇌조직의 대사물질의 변화를 관찰한 결과, S1*N1의 NAA/Cr은 $1.45{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.88{\pm}0.03$이고, S2*N1의 NAA/Cr은 $1.44{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.05$, S2*N2의 NAA/Cr은 $1.43{\pm}0.02$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.04$이며, S3*N2의 NAA/Cr은 $1.45{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.03$으로 나타났다(F-value : 1.37, D.F : 3, P-value : 0.262). 그러나 데이터의 질을 측정하기 위한 MVS 데이터의 NAA Peak line-width는 SVS 데이터의 NAA Peak line-width 보다 약 3배 정도 넓었다. 본 연구에서는 MVS에서 SENSE factor와 NEX 값을 다양하게 변화시킨 MVS의 데이터와 SVS의 데이터가 큰 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. 즉, 어는 특정 부위의 뇌 조직의 대사물질은 MVS와 SVS 기법 모두 큰 차이가 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 MVS는 SVS보다 광범한 부위를 짧은 시간 안에 검사할 수 있으므로 매우 유용한 방법이라고 사료된다. To evaluate the metabolic changes in normal adult brains due to alterations SENSE and NEX (number of excitation) by multi voxel MR Spectroscopy at 3.0 Tesla. The study group was composed of normal volunteers (5 men and 8 women) with a mean ($\pm$ standard deviation) age of 41 (${\pm}11.65$). Their ages ranged from 28 to 61 years. MR Spectroscopy was performed with a 3.0T Achieva Release Version 2.0 (Philips Medical System-Netherlands). The 8 channel head coil was employed for MRS acquisition. The 13 volunteers underwent multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS) and single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) on the thalamus area with normally gray matter. Spectral parameters were as follows: 15 mm of thickness; 230 mm of FOV (field of view); 2000 msecs of repetition time (TR); 288 msecs of echo time (TE); $110{\times}110$ mm of VOI (view of interest); $15{\times}15{\times}15$ mm of voxel size. Multi voxel spectral parameters were made using specially in alteration of SENSE factor (1~3) and 1~2 of NEX. All MRS data were processed by the jMRUI 3.0 Version. There was no significant difference in NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratio between MVS and SVS likewise the previous results by Ross and coworkers in 1994. In addition, despite the alterations of SENSE factor and NEX in MVS, the metabolite ratios were not changed (F-value : 1.37, D.F : 3, P-value : 0.262). However, line-width of NAA peak in MVS was 3 times bigger than that in SVS. In the present study, we demonstrated that the alterations of SENSE factor and NEX were not critically affective to the result of metabolic ratios in the normal brain tissue.

Ketene-Forming Elimination Reactions from Aryl Thienylacetates Promoted by R2NH in MeCN. Effects of Base-Solvent and β-Aryl Group

Sang Yong Pyun,Eun Ju Cho,Hyoun Jung Seok,Ju Chang Kim,Seok Hee Lee,Bong Rae Cho* 대한화학회 2007 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.28 No.6

Ketene-forming eliminations from C4H3(S)CH2C(O)O-C6H3-2-X-4-NO2 (1) promoted by R2NH in MeCN have been studied kinetically. The reactions are second-order and exhibit Brnsted b = 0.51- 0.62 and |blg| = 0.47-0.53. Hence, an E2 mechanism is evident. The Brnsted b increased from 0.33 to 0.53 and |blg| remained nearly the same by the change of the base-solvent from Bz(i-Pr)NH/Bz(i-Pr)NH2+ in 70mol% MeCN(aq) to Bz(i-Pr)NH-MeCN, indicating a change to a more symmetrical transition state with similar extents of Cb-H and Ca-OAr bond cleavage. When the b-aryl group was changed from thienyl to phenyl in MeCN, the b value increased from 0.53 to 0.73 and |blg| decreased from 0.53 to 0.43. This indicates that the transition state became skewed toward more Cb-H bond breaking with less Ca-OAr bond cleavage. Noteworthy is the greater double bond stabilizing ability of the thienyl group in the ketene-forming transition state.

A Study on the Ohmic Heating of Viscous Food

Sang-Ho Kim,Gi-Tae Kim,Jun-Young Park,Man-Gi Cho,Bong-Ho Han 한국식품과학회 1996 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.5 No.4

Eliminations from (E)-2,4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde O-Aryloximes Promoted by R3N in MeCN. Effects of β-Aryl Group and Base-Solvent on the Nitrile-Forming Transition-State

Bong Rae Cho,Eun Mi Ryu,Sang Yong Pyun 대한화학회 2012 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.33 No.9

Nitrile-forming eliminations from (E)-2,4-(NO2)2C6H2CH=NOC6H4-2-X-4-NO2 (1a-e) promoted by R3N in MeCN have been studied kinetically. The reactions are second-order and exhibit Brönsted β = 0.83-1.0 and |βlg| = 0.41-0.46. The results have been interpreted in terms of highly E1cb-like transition state with extensive Cβ- H bond cleavage and limited Nα-OAr bond cleavage. Comparison with existing data reveals that the structure of the transition state changes from E2-central to highly E1cb-like either by the change of the β-aryl group from Ph to 2,4-dinitrophenyl under the same condition or by the base-solvent system variation from EtO−-EtOH to Et3N-MeCN for a given substrate (1a-e).

Elucidation of Excited-State Properties of Bimetallic Ir(III)-Pt(II) Complexes with Conjugated Bridging Ligands

Cho, Yang-Jin,Kim, So-Yoen,Cha, Hyun Wook,Seo, Bong Soo,Kim, Chul Hoon,Son, Ho-Jin,Kang, Sang Ook American Chemical Society 2018 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.122 No.41

<P>We investigated excited-state properties of 4′,7′-phenanthrolino-5′,6′:2,3-pyrazine (<B>ppz</B>)-bridged bimetallic complexes, (L)<SUB>2</SUB>Ir-<B>ppz</B>-PtCl<SUB>2</SUB> (Ir-<B>ppz</B>-Pt) (L = 2-(4′,6′-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-<I>N</I>,<I>C</I><SUP>2</SUP> (dfppy)), and [(L)<SUB>2</SUB>Ir]<SUB>2</SUB>(<B>ppz</B>) (Ir-<B>ppz</B>-Ir). These properties were compared to those of reported <B>dpp</B> bridging complexes, 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (<B>dpp</B>)-bridged bimetallic complexes, Ir-<B>dpp</B>-Pt, and Ir-<B>dpp</B>-Ir. Excited-state properties of hetero-bimetallic Ir-Pt systems were very different from those of related Ru-Pt systems with a <B>dpp</B> bridging ligand; Ru-<B>dpp</B>-Pt displayed the spin forbidden metal-to-ligand charge-transfer emission, whereas Ir-<B>dpp</B>-Pt was relatively silent in emission. Steady-state photochemical studies and photodynamic studies were undertaken for each Ir or Pt center within peripheries of bridging ligands to confirm either energy or ET and at the same time its direction. Thermodynamic driving force of the electron-transfer (ET) process from Ir to Pt in the hetero-bimetallic Ir-Pt systems was predicted by the Rehm-Weller equation to be unfavorable for both Ir-<B>ppz</B>-Pt and Ir-<B>dpp</B>-Pt. However, when photoinduced ET in ground state was considered, the complexes could undergo an ET process from Pt to Ir center. Such a prediction is well manifested from selective excitation on the bridging ligand.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

Substituent Effect on Diastereoselectivity in Photochemistry of Valerophenone

Bong Ser Park*,Sungsu Cho,Sang-Hyuk Chong 대한화학회 2007 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.28 No.7

Valerophenone shows a dramatic shift of photoreactivity by a cyclopropyl group at alpha position to the carbonyl group. By the minor change of structure, the diastereoselectivity of the Yang photocyclization is reversed and the ratio of cyclization to elimination products increases significantly.

Single-dish test observations of the KVN Yonsei telescope at 22/43GHz

Sang-Sung Lee,Do-Young Byun,Do-Heung Je,Seog-Tae Han,Kee-Tae Kim,Bong Won Sohn,Hyunsoo Chung,Se-Hyung Cho,Se-Jin Oh,Duk-Gyoo Roh,Chang Hoon Lee,Bong Gyu Kim 한국천문학회 2009 天文學會報 Vol.34 No.1

Role of surgical treatment for peripheral arterial disease in endovascular era

Sang Jun Park,Jae Chol Hwang,Hong Rae Cho,Ho Jong Park,Sang Jin Kim,Bong Won Park 대한외과학회 2013 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.84 No.6

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to review the roll changes of surgical treatment for peripheral artery disease in endovascular era. Methods: One hundred and twelve surgically treated cases of peripheral artery disease at a single institution during the period from 2006 to 2011 were studied retrospectively. The cases were divided into two groups of different time periods, one before 2009 (surgical period group) and the other from 2009 onward (endovascular period group). We analyzed the type and location of surgery as well as clinical characteristics of patients and treatment results. Results: Fifty-three cases were for the surgical period group and 59 cases for the endovascular group. No difference in the demographic characteristics and the distribution of major atherosclerosis risk factors was found between the two groups. Additionally, the technical and functional success rate was similar in both groups. However, it is found that there were more acute cases in the endovascular period group than in the surgical period group. The number of cases in need of suprainguinal or below knee exposure was similar in both groups. In hybrid cases, suprainguinal or below knee exposures were more frequently needed during the former period than the latter period. Conclusion: The role of surgical treatment is currently in the process of changing. Surgical treatment seems to be a complementary alternative to endovascular treatment for chronic limb ischemia. However, it still seems to play a major role for acute limb ischemia.

Artificial Dermis Composed of Gelatin, Hyaluronic Acid and (1→3),(1→6)-β-Glucan

Sang Bong Lee,Hyun Wook Jeon,Young Woo Lee,Seong Kwan Cho,Young Moo Lee,Kang Won Song,Moon Hyang Park,Sung Hwa Hong 한국고분자학회 2003 Macromolecular Research Vol.11 No.5