PLAYMAKER, A Knowledge-Based Expert System, and its Application to the Gyeongsang Basin, Korea

Dae Kyo Cheong(정대교),Christopher G.St.C. Kendall,Robert Cannon,John Strobel,Philip Moore,Dusit Tansathein 대한지질학회 1990 지질학회지 Vol.26 No.3

Paleoclimatic Change of the Late Quaternary Northern Mongolia from Trace Element and Stable Isotope of Ostracods in Lake Hovsgol Sediments

Cheong, Dae-Kyo,Kim, Bok-Hye Korea Association For Quaternary Research 2007 제사기학회지 Vol.21 No.2

A Review of Tectonic, Sedinlentologic Framework and Petroleum Geology of the Cretaceous U. S. enlf Coast Sedimentary Sequence

정대교,Cheong Dae-Kyo The Korean Society Of Petroleum Geology 1996 한국석유지질학회지 Vol.4 No.1

In the Cretaceous, the Gulf Coast Basin evolved as a marginal sag basin. Thick clastic and carbonate sequences cover the disturbed and diapirically deformed salt layer. In the Cretaceous the salinities of the Gulf Coast Basin probably matched the Holocene Persian Gulf, as is evidenced by the widespread development of supratidal anhydrite. The major Lower Cretaceous reservoir formations are the Cotton Valley, Hosston, Travis Peak siliciclastics, and Sligo, Trinity (Pine Island, Pearsall, Glen Rose), Edwards, Georgetown/Buda carbonates. Source rocks are down-dip offshore marine shales and marls, and seals are either up-dip shales, dense limestones, or evaporites. During this period, the entire Gulf Basin was a shallow sea which to the end of Cretaceous had been rimmed to the southwest by shallow marine carbonates while fine-grained terrigengus clastics were deposited on the northern and western margins of the basin. The main Upper Cretaceous reservoir groups of the Gulf Coast, which were deposited in the period of a major sea level .rise with the resulting deep water conditions, are Woodbinefruscaloosa sands, Austin chalk and carbonates, Taylor and Navarro sandstones. Source rocks are down-dip offshore shales and seals are up-dip shales. Major trap types of the Lower and Upper Cretaceous include salt-related anticlines from low relief pillows to complex salt diapirs. Growth fault structures with rollover anticlines on downthrown fault blocks are significant Gulf Coast traps. Permeability barriers, up-dip pinch-out sand bodies, and unconformity truncations also play a key role in oil exploration from the Cretaceous Gulf Coast reservoirs. The sedimentary sequences of the major Cretaceous reseuoir rocks are a good match to the regressional phases on the global sea level cuwe, suggesting that the Cretaceous Gulf Coast sedimentary stratigraphy relatively well reflects a response to eustatic sea level change throughout its history. Thus, of the three main factors controlling sedimentation (tectonic subsidence, sediment input, and eustatic sea level change) in the Gulf Coast Basin, sea-level ranks first in the period. 백악기 당시 미국 걸프만 퇴적분지는 대륙연변부의 색(sag)형 퇴적분지로서의 진화과정을 거치고 있었다. 두꺼운 백악기의 쇄설성과 탄산염 퇴적층은 상승 교란작용을 받은 암염층을 덮고 있다. 당시 걸프만 퇴적분지의 염분도는 넓게 발달하고 있는 초조간대의 경석고 퇴적층의 분포로 보아 현생의 페르시아만 환경과 유사했던 것으로 추정된다. 하부 백악기의 주요 저류암 (reservoir)으로는 쇄설성 퇴적암층인 카튼밸리(Cotton Valley), 허스톤(Hosston), 트래비스픽(Travis Peak)층과 탄산염 퇴적암층인 슬리고(Sligo), 트리니티(Trinity) - 파인아일랜드(Pine Island), 피어살(Pearsall), 글랜로스(Glen Rose), 에드워드(Edwards), 조오지타운(Georgetown)/부다(Buda) 층이 있다. 이 시기 저류암층에 탄화수소를 공급했던 근원암(source rock)으로는 경사방향 하부(down-dip)에 위치하고 있는 셰일과 이회암층이 꼽히고, 덮개암(seal)은 대개 경사방향 상부(up-dip)에 위치하고 있는 계일과 치밀한 석회암층, 그리고 증발암으로 보인다. 하부 백악기 동안 전 걸프만 퇴적분지는 천해환경하에 있었는데, 남서부 지역은 백악기 말까지 계속 이어졌던 천해 탄산염 환경이,북쪽과 서쪽지역에서는 육성기원의 세립질 퇴적물이 주로 집적되는 환경이었다. 상부 백악기동안에는 걸프만 퇴적분지는 주요한 해수면 상승기와 연관되어 비교적 수심이 깊었던 환경하에 있었으며 이 때 형성된 주요 저류암층으로는 우드바인(Woodbine)/투스칼루사(Tuscaloosa) 사암층, 테일러(Taylor) 나바로(Navarro) 사암층과 오스틴(Austin) 백악 및 탄산염암층이 있다. 이 저류암층에 탄화수소를 공급했던 근원암층으로는 경사방향 하부의 셰일층이, 그리고 덮개암층은 경사방향 상부의 계일층이 그 역할을 담당했던 것으로 해석된다. 뗘악기 하부와 상부 퇴적층의 주요 트랩(trap)으로는 완만한 기둥형(pillow)으로부터 복잡한 다이아피어(diapir) 형태의 암염층 관련 배사구조와 하단 단층블록위에 놓여 있으며 롤오버(rollover) 배사구조를 갖는 성장단층이 있다. 투수 장애(permeability barrier), 상부 경사방향으로 첨멸하는 사암체(up-dip pinch-out sand body깥 침식부정합면(unconformity truncation)도. 걸프만 석유부존에 중요한 역할을 한 트랩들이다. 백악기의 주요한 저류암층들은 범세계 해수면곡선의 하강시기와 잘 일치하고 있는데 이는 백악기동안 형성된 걸프만의 퇴적층서가 범세계 해수면곡선을 전반적으로 잘 반영하고 있음을 의미한다. 즉 퇴적작용을 주로 지배하는 세 즌요 변수인 지구조적인 분지의 침강운동,퇴적물의 공급,해수면 변동오그÷중에서 해수면 변동요소가 이 시기동안 가장 중요한 역할을 했음을 의미한다.

백악기 경상분지의 생성 및 진화에 관여한 지구조운동의 분석과 최하부 낙동층에 대한 퇴적학적 연구 I: 경상분지 서남단 낙동층의 퇴적환경과 기원암, 고수류 분석

정대교,김용인,Cheong, Dae-Kyo,Kim, Yong-In 대한자원환경지질학회 1996 자원환경지질 Vol.29 No.5

The lowest formation of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Supergroup, the Nakdong Formation, unconformably overlies the gneiss complex basement in Hadong, Gyeongsangnam-do and Gwangyang, Chullanam-do. The Nakdong Formation of the study area is 500-600 m thick and occurs as a belt shape. Based upon lithology, sedimentary structure, and bedding geometry the formation consists of three conglomerate facies (Gd, Gn, Gic), five sandstone facies (Sh-n, Sh-i, Sp, Sr, Sm), and four mudstone facies (Mf, Mfn, Mc, Mv). Sandstone facies are the most prominent in the study area. The twelve facies can be grouped into five facies associations. The depositional settings are elucidated from analyses of 12 facies and five facies associations of the formation. The lower part of the Nakdong Formation was deposited in alluvial plain, and the middle and upper parts were in a riverine system. The lithologies of the Nakdong Formation of the Gyeongsang Basin have been considered to consist of generally conglomerates and pebbly sandstones that were accumulated in alluvial fans. But the common lithology of the study area is sandstone which was formed in lower part of alluvial fan or fluvial setting. It is supposed that the coarser sedimentary sequence distributed west to the study area should be eroded out after deposition and early uplift, and the finer sandstone sequence in the east remains behind. The mineral composition of sandstones and the clast composition of conglomerates indicate that the Nakdong Formation was derived mainly from the metamorphic source rocks. Some reworked intraclasts were also supplied from the intrabasinal sedimentary layers. Paleocurrent data collected from cross-beddings, ripple marks, asymmetric sand dune suggest that most sediments were transported from north to south during the Nakdong Formation time.

백악기 풍암 퇴적분지의 생성 진화와 퇴적물 기원

정대교,김경희,Cheong Dae kyo,Kim Kyung hee 한국석유지질학회 1999 한국석유지질학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The Cretaceous Poongam sedimentary Basin in Kangwon-do, Korea consists alluvial deposits of conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones or siltstones, and volcaniclastics. The Poongam Basin was formed as a fault margin sag or a transpressional basin developed along a strike-slip fault zone, and received huge amount of clastic sediments from the adjacent fault-scaip. It formed an aggrading alluvial fan system and a volcaniclast-supplied marginal lake environment, while tectonic activity and volcanism attenuated toward the end of basin formation. Following the Folk's classification, the sandstones of the Poongam Basin are identified as lithic wackes or feldspathic wackes. The areal and sequential variation of the mineral composition in the sandstones is not distinct. The results of K-Ar age dating from the intruding andesites, volcaniclastics and volcanic fragments in sedimentary rocks show a range of 70 Ma to 84 Ma. It suggests that volcarism occurred sequentially within a relatively short period as the pre-, syn-, and post-depositional events. It was the short period in the late Cretaceous that the basin had evolved i.e., the basin formation, the sediment input and fill, and the , intrusion and extrusion of volcanic rocks occurred. The Poongam sedimentary sequence is a typical tectonic-controlled coarse sedimentary facies which is texturally immature. 백악기 풍암 퇴적분지는 강원도 흥천군 서석면과 횡성군 청일면 일대에 분포하는데 퇴적층은 역암, 사암, 이암과 화산 쇄설암으로 구성되어 있으며 분지는 주향이동 단층대를 따라 발달한 단층 연변 침하지 (fault margin sag) 또는 횡압축 분지 (transpressional basin)로서 생성된 것으로 추정된다. 분지 형성 초기에는 단층 경계로 접촉하고 있는 주변의 기반암과 근원암으로부터 초기엔 많은 양의 쇄설성 퇴적물을 선상지 환경 하에서 공급받았으나, 후기에 이르러는 주변 지역에서의 화산 분출에 의한 화산 쇄설물의 추가 공급으로 호성과 선상지 환경 하에 두꺼운 퇴적층이 축적되었다. 풍암분지 퇴적층을 구성하는 사암은 기질의 함량이 높고 장석이 풍부한 장석질 잡사암 내지 암편질 잡사암에 해당된다. 퇴적층의 하부에서 상부로의 광물조성의 뚜렷한 변화는 관찰되지 않으며, 지역에 따라서도 광물조성의 별다른 차이를 보이지 않는다. 풍암분지 퇴적암 내에 포함되어 있는 화산암편과 화산쇄설물 및 관입화산암에 대한 절대 연령 측정 결과 퇴적층 내 함유된 화산암과 퇴적 후 관입한 화산암은 대략 $70{\~}84$ Ma의 비슷한 연대를 보이고 있는데 이는 퇴적층의 형성 이전과 퇴적작용 진행 중에, 그리고 퇴적층 생성 이후에 여러 번에 걸쳐 화산암의 생성과 화산쇄설물의 분출이 이루어졌음을 지시해주는 것이다. 즉 퇴적분지의 샌성과 퇴적물의 유입과 분지 충진, 그리고 퇴적 직후의 화산암 관입과 분출이 백악기 후기의 비교적 짧은 기간 내에 연속적으로 발생했고 이러한 급격한 지구조 운동과 화산활동의 영향으로 풍암 퇴적분지 퇴적층은 전반적으로 지구조 우세의 전형적인 퇴적상인 조직적으로 미성숙한 조립질 쇄설성 퇴적상을 보이는 것으로 추정된다.

Evolution, Sedimentation and Petroleum System of Bengal Basin

Komal Sharma,Cheong Dae Kyo 대한지질학회 2010 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2010 No.

The geomorphology and volcaniclastic deposits around Dok Island : existence of Dokdo caldera

Jong-Hwa Chun,Dae-Kyo Cheong,Chang-Hong Park,Sik Huh,Sang-Jonn Han 대한지질학회 2004 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2004 No.

Rapid Climate Change During the Deglaciation of Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia

Chun, Jong-Hwa,Cheong, Dae-Kyo Korea Association For Quaternary Research 2005 제사기학회지 Vol.19 No.2

A 120-cm core recovered from Lake Hovsgol, the northern Mongolia provides evidence for climate variability since the Marine Isotope Stage 3, representing a sharp lithological change. The lowermost part of the core consists of diatom-barren calcareous silty clay without coarse sands, framboidal pyrite, and biogenic components deposited during the MIS 3. Following the last glacial maximum, in-situ moss is included in the sediments, as lake-level was retreated by cold and dry environment with low precipitation. The AMS radiocarbon ages of the plant fragments match a marked lithologic boundary between 14,060 and 14,325 $^{14}C$ yr BP. The contents of coarse sands abruptly increase, indicating probably wind-derived sandy dust or coarse grains contributed from floating icebergs. And abundant framboidal pyrite grains were deposited in an anoxic environment, as reflected by high accumulation of organic matters at a low lake stand. During the deglaciation, quantities of coarse sands, ostracod, shell fragments, framboidal pyrite, and diatom markedly varies by regional and global scale climate regimes. Some allochthonous coarse sands were probably ice-rafted debris derived from floating icebergs. A rapid increase in diatom productivity probably marked the onset of Bolling-Allerod warming. Subsequent high concentration of framboidal pyrite probably represents a dry and cold condition, such as Younger Drays events. Consistent warm period with high precipitation at Holocene is documented by diatomaceous clayey ooze without framboidal pyrite, coarse sands, and ostracod.

Appearance of Foraminifera and Its Paleoenvironmental Interpretation from Bottom Sediments in Central Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia

Kim, Bok-Hye,Cheong, Dae-Kyo Korea Association For Quaternary Research 2005 제사기학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Geomorphology and Volcaniclastic Deposits around Dokdo: Dokdo Caldera

Chun, Jong-Hwa,Cheong, Dae-Kyo,Park, Chan-Hong,Huh, Sik,Han, Sang-Joon Korea Institute of Ocean ScienceTechnology 2002 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.24 No.4

Detailed investigations on both submarine and subaerial volcaniclastic deposits around Dokdo were carried out to identify geomorphologic characteristics, stratigraphy, and associated depositional processes of Dokdo caldera. Dokdo volcano has a gently sloping summit (about 11km in diameter) and relatively steep slope (basal diameter is about 20-25 km) rising above sea level at about 2,270m. We found ragged, elliptical-form of Dokdo caldera with a diameter of about 2km estimated by Chirp (3-11 kHz) sub-bottom profile data and side scan sonar data for the central summit area of Dokdo volcano. We interpreted that the volcaniclastic deposits of Dokdo unconformably consist of the Seodo (west islet) and the Dongdo(east islet) formations based on internal structure, constituent mineral composition, and bedding morphology. The Seodo Formation mainly consisted of massive or inversely graded trachytic breccias (Unit S-I), overlain by fine-grained tuff (Unit S-II), which is probably supplied by mass-wasting processes resulting from Dokdo caldera collapse. The Dongdo Formation consists of alternated units of stratified lapilli tuff and inversely graded basaltic breccia (Unit D-I, Unit D-III, and Unit D-V), and massive to undulatory-bedded basaltic tuff breccias (Unit D-II and Unit D-IV) formed by a repetitive pyroclastic surge and reworking processes. Although, two islets of Dokdo are geographically near each other, they have different formations reflecting their different depositional processes and eruptive stages.