THE EFFECT OF NEW PSYCHOLOGICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL RESEARCH INTO THE HUMAN POTENTIAL : The University in 1985

SMITH, ROBERT CHARLES 慶熙大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

The university of the future is already being determind by research which is now taking place or has recently been conducted. Undoubtedly, university professors and administrators will soon be faced with major decisions concerning new directions in university education. The university is, unfortunately, the most rigid, inflexible, backward looking, change resistant, conservative institution within the present educational framework. This is particularly true in the United States. If the present situation is any indication, the university in the near future will probably continue on its present unbending course and enjoy a dinosaur's death. Students who wish to receive the most learning will simply cease to attend the university, leaving mostly status seekers. Eventually the status of the university will end because few will want university graduates……other learners know more, can think better, are more interested and less superficial. There is the possibility, however, that professors will not only modify the university in view of better ways of learning, but actively take steps to direct the future in ways which we think best. LOOKING BACK FROM 1985 It would be helpful for us to keep the year 1985 in mind, a date less than fifteen years from now. Surely more change will take place in these short fifteen years than took place in the first seventy years of this century. If it can be assumed that the university exists for the purpose of learning, then cur-rent psychological research into new and deeper ways of learning and related phenomena can help us glimpse what the university can soon become.

Proceedings from the Ice Hockey Summit III: Action on Concussion

Aynsley M Smith(Aynsley M Smith ),Patrick A Alford(Patrick A Alford ),Mark Aubry(Mark Aubry ),Brian Benson(Brian Benson ),Amanda Black(Amanda Black ),Alison Brooks(Alison Brooks ),Charles Burke(Charle 사피엔시아 2019 Exercise Medicine Vol.3 No.-

Objectives: The Ice Hockey Summit III provided updated scientific evidence on concussions in hockey to inform these five objectives: (1) describe sport related concussion (SRC) epidemiology, (2) classify prevention strategies, (3) define objective, diagnostic tests, (4) identify treatment and (5) integrate science and clinical care into prioritized action plans and policy. Methods: Our action plan evolved from 40 scientific presentations. The 155 attendees (physicians, athletic trainers, physical therapists, nurses, neuropsychologists, scientists, engineers, coaches and officials) voted to prioritize these action items in the final Summit session. Results: (1) establish a national and international hockey data base for SRCs at all levels; (2) eliminate body checking in Bantam youth hockey games; (3) expand a behavior modification program (Fair Play) to all youth hockey levels; (4) enforce game ejection penalties for fighting in Junior A and professional hockey leagues; (5) establish objective tests to diagnose concussion at point of care (POC); and (6) mandate baseline testing to improve concussion diagnosis for all age groups. Conclusions: Expedient implementation of the Summit III prioritized action items is necessary to reduce the risk, severity and consequences of concussion in the sport of ice hockey.

Efficacy of Paracrine Factors from Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Biofilm-Infected Wounds in a Murine Model

Smith Alison A.,Bellows Charles F. 대한창상학회 2022 Journal of Wound Management and Research Vol.18 No.3

Background: Chronic wounds are a serious medical condition affecting over 6 million people in the United States. Biofilms, which alter the host immune response and establish a microenvironment that prevents wound healing, are intimately associated with the development of chronic wounds. Current treatment options do not specifically target the underlying molecular mechanisms of biofilm pathology. Paracrine factors secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to play an important role in wound healing. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the paracrine factors secreted from MSCs on reducing infection and accelerating wound closure in biofilm-infected wounds.Methods: MSCs were cultured by seeding on an extracellular matrix (ECM). The supernatant from MSCs containing paracrine factors were applied to mature <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> biofilms <i>in vitro</i> and the number of viable bacteria were quantitated. BALB/cJ mice were wounded and infected with <i>P. aeruginosa</i> biofilms and the paracrine factors from reprogrammed MSCs were applied topically. The wound surface area and colony forming units counts of the treatment group were compared to control (culture media) and biofilm (untreated) groups. Results: The paracrine factors from MSCs grown on ECM were found to reduce <i>P. aeruginosa</i> biofilm growth significantly (P<0.01). Wounds in the treatment group had lower bacterial counts and an increased rate of wound closure compared to non-treated mice wounds. Conclusion: The results indicate that paracrine factors from reprogrammed MSCs accelerated wound healing and reduced the bacterial burden in biofilm-infected wounds. Future studies are needed to further characterize this phenomenon.

PHOTOSHOPPING OF MODELS IN ADVERTISING: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND FUTURE RESEARCH AGENDA

Charles R. Taylor,Danielle Smith,Yoon-Na Cho,Carissa Anthony 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

In recent years, there has been increased attention on the portrayal of women in the media. Photoshopped images of unrealistic female forms have been perceived to have negative impacts on the self-esteem of those exposed (Groesz 2002). Based on the idea that seeing unrealistic body images can put undue pressure on women and impact their self-esteem, some governments have gone as far to propose and or pass legislation that ban or require disclosures on such images in advertising. For example, multiple attempts have been made to pass the Truth in Advertising Act in the U.S., which would severely restrict the ability to digitally alter ad (Navamanikkamm 2017). Meanwhile. France passed a law in 2017 mandating that if a model’s physical person has been digitally altered in an ad it must include a disclaimer indicating that the ad has been retouched (Lubitz 2015). Recently, Israel out of concern about eating disorders at a societal level, passed legislation requiring a disclaimer in any ad whether a model is photoshopped to look thinner. The Israeli law also mandates that a threshold body mass index be met for a model to be included in an ad. With the United Kingdom’s Advertising Standards Authority also banning some campaigns due to exaggerated retouching, it is clear that photoshopping of models in advertising is under scrutiny (Sweney 2017). Several companies have also taken a stand on photoshopping of ads. These include Aerie Lingerie, CVS Drugstores, Dove, and Britain’s ASOS, all of whom has committed to having realistic images in their ads and reducing or eliminating retouching (Horwath 2016; Zillman 2017; Bomey 2018). In spite of the increased attention being paid to photoshopping of ads by regulators, companies, and some in the public, research on the topic has been relatively sparse. This paper aims to summarize what is known about the societal and managerial implications of digital retouching and offers future research directions designed to make advances in these areas. To this end, this paper begins by reviewing work in three areas related to photoshopping of ads. The first topic addressed is whether edited images of unrealistic standards have a negative impact on the viewer. Secondly, we examine what is known about the implications of including disclosures and disclaimers on the consumers psyche, (i.e. do these warnings negate the implied negative consequence of the edited images). Finally, the impact such disclosure labels have on ad effectiveness and purchase intention is considered. To ensure the full scope of pertinent material was covered, articles were targeted via databases such as ABI/ Inform, Business Source Premier, EBSCO and Google Scholar. Because of the paucity of articles, no time limitations were placed on the search. A variety of combinations of relevant search terms were used (e.g., retouching, advertising, body image, women, photoshop etc.). As key articles were identified, the sources they cited were also reviewed in relation to the purpose stated above. Our review of the literature finds a virtually universal consensus finds that idealized imagery, often characterized by very thin or “ideal” models is directly correlated to an increased risk of body dissatisfaction (Groesz 2002). Several of these studies draw on social comparison theory (Gulas 2000; Myers 2009) is commonly used as a theoretical explanation underlying this effect, with experimental studies being used to provide empirical evidence. Prior studies have tested several types of disclaimers. These studies have generally found that disclaimer do not mitigate the negative impact that the exposure to idealized image has on the consumer (Cragg 2017) Based on this research, apparently, women feel social pressure to live up to idealized images even if a disclaimer is included in the ad. However, it should be noted that only a limited number of studies have tested this effect, and additional types of disclaimers from different sources need to be tested before drawing firm conclusions. As for advertisement effectiveness, specifically product attitude and purchases intent, studies have found that advertisements using “normally attractive models” in comparison to “highly attractive models” tend to produce better results (Tsai and Chang 2007). Notably, the presence of a disclaimer does not appear to either increase or decrease the effectiveness of ad based on the extant research (Semaan, Gould and Kocher 2012; Schirmer et al., 2018). The literature does raise some questions about the needed prominence of a disclaimer to have an impact, suggesting that often times “fine print messages” are largely unnoticed in relation to a more prominent alternative (Black & Watson 2013). Notably, there is some evidence that including a “retouch-free” versus a “retouched” disclaimer does increase attitudes toward the brand and purchase intention (Cornelis and Peter 2017). The literature reviewed has limitations such as uncorroborated studies, limited sample sizes, and narrowly focused demographics in some studies. While it has generally been established that highly attractive model usage and idealized retouched imagery has a negative effect on consumer body image, there is insufficient research on the implications of disclaimers and disclosers. It is suggested that additional research is needed on the effects of various disclaimer types directly related to various levels of image re-touching (as opposed to product warnings) on consumer buying behavior and ad effectiveness (see Schirmer et al., 2018). There is some evidence that consumers are accepting of minor photoshopping of ads, such as changing the background or “fixing” a blemish, but that more major retouching such as making a model appear to have different facial features, thinner legs, or larger breasts is viewed as problematic. As such, future experimental research should focus on different levels of retouching. There is also a clear need to test different wording of disclaimers as well as disclaimers from different sources (e.g. government vs. non-profit, vs. company itself). Future research should focus on a wide cross-section of women. It should also test multiple product categories, including those beauty related vs. not beauty related.

Photoshopping of models in advertising: A review of the literature and future research agenda

Charles R, Taylor,조윤나,Carissa M. Anthony,Danielle B. Smith 한국마케팅과학회 2018 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.9 No.4

The extant literature suggests that idealized imagery of female models in advertising has negative impacts on the body satisfaction of those exposed. Women can feel pressure to live up to “perfect” images depicted in advertising, sometimes resulting in negative consequences. As a result, the practice of digital retouching or “photoshopping” of ads has come under scrutiny, with some countries implementing restrictions on the practice. The purpose of this paper is to critically review the literature on photoshopping of ads in terms of both its societal and managerial impacts. We also examine literature investigating whether the inclusion of disclaimers on photoshopped images has effects on consumers’ reaction to the ad both psychologically and in terms of ad effectiveness. Findings suggest that, in some settings, idealized imagery as an output of digital retouching does have a negative impact on women’s body satisfaction. The limited research on disclaimers suggest that they do not have much effect either on body image or ad effectiveness, but more research is needed. Directions for future research aimed at better understanding the impact of photoshopping are provided.

Worm-Like Superparamagnetic Nanoparticle Clusters for Enhanced Adhesion and Magnetic Resonance Relaxivity

Smith, Cartney E.,Lee, JuYeon,Seo, Yongbeom,Clay, Nicholas,Park, Jooyeon,Shkumatov, Artem,Ernenwein, Dawn,Lai, Mei-Hsiu,Misra, Sanjay,Sing, Charles E.,Andrade, Brenda,Zimmerman, Steven C.,Kong, Hyunjo American Chemical Society 2017 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.9 No.2

<P>Nanosized bioprobes that can highlight diseased tissue can be powerful diagnostic tools. However, a major unmet need is a tool with adequate adhesive properties and contrast-to-dose ratio. To this end, this study demonstrates that targeted superparamagnetic nanoprobes engineered to present a worm-like shape and hydrophilic packaging enhance both adhesion efficiency to target substrates and magnetic resonance (MR) sensitivity. These nanoprobes were prepared by the controlled self-assembly of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) into worm-like superstructures using glycogen-like amphiphilic hyperbranched polyglycerols functionalized with peptides capable of binding to defective vasculature. The resulting worm-like SPION clusters presented binding affinity to the target substrate 10-fold higher than that of spherical ones and T<SUB>2</SUB> molar MR relaxivity 3.5-fold higher than that of conventional, single SPIONs. The design principles discovered for these nanoprobes should be applicable to a range of other diseases where improved diagnostics are needed.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2017/aamick.2017.9.issue-2/acsami.6b10891/production/images/medium/am-2016-10891p_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am6b10891'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

VARIABLE STARS IN LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD GLOBULAR CLUSTERS. III. RETICULUM

Kuehn, Charles A.,Dame, Kyra,Smith, Horace A.,Catelan, Má,rcio,Jeon, Young-Beom,Nemec, James M.,Walker, Alistair R.,Kunder, Andrea,Pritzl, Barton J.,De Lee, Nathan,Borissova, Jura American Institute of Physics 2013 The Astronomical journal Vol.145 No.6

<P>This is the third in a series of papers studying the variable stars in old globular clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The primary goal of this series is to look at how the characteristics and behavior of RR Lyrae stars in Oosterhoff-intermediate systems compare to those of their counterparts in Oosterhoff-I/II systems. In this paper we present the results of our new time-series BVI photometric study of the globular cluster Reticulum. We found a total of 32 variables stars (22 RRab, 4 RRc, and 6 RRd stars) in our field of view. We present photometric parameters and light curves for these stars. We also present physical properties, derived from Fourier analysis of light curves, for some of the RR Lyrae stars. We discuss the Oosterhoff classification of Reticulum and use our results to re-derive the distance modulus and age of the cluster.</P>

THE NEXT GENERATION VIRGO CLUSTER SURVEY. XXII. SHELL FEATURE EARLY-TYPE DWARF GALAXIES IN THE VIRGO CLUSTER

Paudel, Sanjaya,Smith, Rory,Duc, Pierre-Alain,Cô,té,, Patrick,Cuillandre, Jean-Charles,Ferrarese, Laura,Blakeslee, John P.,Boselli, Alessandro,Cantiello, Michele,Gwyn, S. D. J.,Guhathakurta American Astronomical Society 2017 The Astrophysical Journal Vol.834 No.1

<P>The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey is a deep (with a 2 sigma detection limit mu g = 29 mag arcsec(-2) in the g-band) optical panchromatic survey targeting the Virgo cluster from its core to virial radius, for a total areal coverage of 104 square degrees. As such, the survey is well suited for the study of galaxies' outskirts, haloes, and low surface brightness features that arise from dynamical interactions within the cluster environment. We report the discovery of extremely faint (mu g > 25 mag arcsec(-2)) shells in three Virgo cluster early-type dwarf galaxies: VCC. 1361, VCC. 1447, and VCC. 1668. Among them, VCC. 1447 has an absolute magnitude Mg = -11.71 mag and is the least massive galaxy with a shell system discovered to date. We present a detailed study of these low surface brightness features. We detect between three and four shells in each of our galaxies. Within the uncertainties, we find no evidence of a color difference between the galaxy main body and shell features. The observed arcs of the shells are located up to several effective radii of the galaxies. We further explore the origin of these low surface brightness features with the help of idealized numerical simulations. We find that a near equal mass merger is best able to reproduce the main properties of the shells, including their quite symmetric appearance and their alignment along the major axis of the galaxy. The simulations provide support for a formation scenario in which a recent merger, between two near-equal mass, gas-free dwarf galaxies, forms the observed shell systems.</P>

Analysis and performance of offshore platforms in hurricanes

Kareem, Ahsan,Kijewski, Tracy,Smith, Charles E. Techno-Press 1999 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.2 No.1

Wind effects are critical considerations in the design of topside structures, overall structural systems, or both, depending on the water depth and type of offshore platform. The reliable design of these facilities for oil fields in regions of hostile environment can only be assured through better understanding of the environmental load effects and enhanced response prediction capabilities. This paper summarizes the analysis and performance of offshore platforms under extreme wind loads, including the quantification of wind load effects with focus on wind field characteristics, steady and unsteady loads, gust loading factors, application of wind tunnel tests, and the provisions of the American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 2A - Working Stress Design (API RP 2A-WSD) for the construction of offshore structures under the action of wind. A survey of the performance of platforms and satellite structures is provided, and failure mechanisms concerning different damage scenarios during Hurricane Andrew are examined. Guidelines and provisions for improving analysis and design of structures are addressed.

Socio-cognitive aspects of interoperability : Understanding communication task environments among different organizations

Kwon, Gyu Hyun,Smith-Jackson, Tonya L.,Bostian, Charles W. Association for Computing Machinery 2011 ACM transactions on computer-human interaction Vol.18 No.4

<P>Emergency communication systems (ECS) are a key element in collaborations among different public safety organizations. The need for interoperability in emergency communication systems has hastened the development of interoperable communication technology that is an enabling technology to automatically identify environmental variables including appropriate radio frequencies and to connect different networks used by different organizations. Even though the technology has been researched from many perspectives and has shown that is possible to connect different organizations, there still remain many issues in terms of socio-cognitive aspects. Thus, this study examines the socio-cognitive dimensions of interoperability, which equal the technical dimensions of the problem in importance. The existential-phenomenological study reported here used semistructured interviews to reconceptualize interoperability in the public safety communication domain. Based on 11 interviews with public safety workers, five important factors were identified that have a major impact on the effectiveness of interoperable groups: information sharedness, operational awareness, communication readiness, adaptiveness, and coupledness. Based on these main concepts, high-level suggestions are provided to guide the design of a new public safety communication system. The results can be directly applied to identify the requirements of communication systems and can be extended to design collaboration systems under stressful environments.</P>