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China's New Role in the Region of the Middle East: A Policy Debate
Chuchu Zhang,Chaowei Xiao 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2019 Pacific Focus Vol.34 No.2
Along with China’s growing presence and interests in the Middle East, Bei-jingfinds it increasingly challenging to sit on the sidelines of regional con-flicts and tensions and has called for establishing China’s new role in theregion. By adopting content analysis to examine 53 articles written by Chi-nese elites, this study analyzes how the concept of China’s new role in theMiddle East is understood by this group. In particular, it addresses the fol-lowing questions: What is new about China’s new role? What are the pol-icy debates of Chinese elites? And, has China’s policy fundamentallychanged or not? This studyfinds that the concept of“China’s new role inthe Middle East”is still under heated debate. This concerns what extent,and in which aspects, China should abandon the non-interference and non-involvement policy in the Middle East; whether China should identify itselfas an order participant or order shaper; and which countries China shouldattach most importance to when conducting role adjustment in the region.The article alsofinds that China’s elites and decision makers oscillatebetween prioritizing China’s economic interests and geopolitical concernswith respect to this issue. This argument is tested by using the ordinaryleast squares model. The article concludes that the new role is too vagueto be institutionalized at this stage, which reflects China’s dilemmabetween expanding its influence and discursive power in the Middle East’srule-setting, and trying to maintain its current risk-aversion policy by notturning any Middle Eastern country or major international player in theregion, such as the United States, into a hostile force.
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Transmission Scheme for Asymmetric MIMO Two-way Relay with Channel Estimation Error
Jinhong Fan,Chaowei Yuan,Ke Xiao 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.8 No.7
In this paper, we consider the transmission scheme for asymmetric decode-and-forward (DF) multi-input multi-output (MIMO) two-way relay system with channel estimation error. In order to transmit with asymmetric data rates from the relay to the receivers according to their individual link qualities, we propose a novel transmission scheme for the broadcast phase by employing a priori bit information. The proposed scheme employs multi-antenna and network coding at the relay. The idea is the weaker link receiver exploits a priori bit information in each transmit symbol, so that it only needs to decode on a subset of the transmit symbol constellation. Subject to the same bit error rate constraint, the weaker link receiver can decode at lower signal-to-noise ratio compared to the stronger link. The different signal labeling used for mapping bits to symbols at the relay cause different minimum Euclidean distance, so it is shown to be crucial for the performance at the receivers. Subsequently, we investigate the effect of the channel estimation error on the system performance. Simulations show that the proposed transmission scheme can be applied to practical scenarios with asymmetric channel qualities.
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