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Construction Work and Wages at the Dergé Printing House in the Eighteenth Century
Rémi Chaix 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2016 Cross-Currents Vol.- No.19
During the eighteenth century, the powerful Kingdom of Dergé in eastern Tibet became a major political, economic, and religious center that gave birth to one of the most important printing houses in the Tibetan world. Written documentation about the construction of the building and the work performed by numerous artisans allows for a better understanding of the traditional economy in Kham in general, and of wage labor in particular. This article investigates the nature and terms of remuneration for construction and decoration work on the extension to the printing house that was built in 1744–1745. It demonstrates that, in Kham, tea and barley were taken as a reference value to estimate wages and, in so doing, lays out the methodology for comparing these data with those of Central Tibet, where the terms of remuneration were far more complex, including as many as ten different types of goods. This analysis contributes to a better understanding of the role certain goods and trade items played in the economy and lays the groundwork for the history of remuneration in Kham and Tibetan societies at large.
Elaboration of (Steel/Cemented Carbide) Multimaterial by Powder Metallurgy
Pascal Celine,Chaix Jean-Marc,Dutt Ankur,Lay Sabine,Allibert Colette H. 한국분말야금학회 2006 한국분말야금학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.1
A steel/cemented carbide couple is selected to generate a tough/hard two layers material. Sintering temperature and composition are deduced from phase equilibria, and experimental studies are used to determine optimal conditions. Liquid migration from the hard layer to the tough one is observed. Microstructure evolution during sintering of the tough material (TEM, SEM, image analysis) evidences coupled mechanisms of pore reduction and WC dissolution. Liquid migration, as well as interface crack formation due to differential densification are limited by suitable temperature and time conditions.
Computer Simulation of Particle Rearrangement in the Presence of Liquid
Lee, S . M .,Chaix, J . M .,Martin, C . L .,Allibert, C . H .,Kang, S . J . L . 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1999 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.5 No.2
A model was developed to describe the motion of particles which are connected by liquid bridges. The model takes into account capillary force, particles inertia, viscous drag of liquid, and elastic collision. Below a critical thickness of the liquid film between particles, the liquid is assumed to be in a visco-elastic state and follows the Maxwell model. For a single pair of particles, the model predicts that, as viscosity increases, the first particle contact occurs later, and subsequent particle bounce is weaker. In the case of planar arrays of 5000 particles, the particles agglomerate, generating pores between particle clusters during the rearrangement. The final density obtainable by particle rearrangement increases as viscosity increases. This result is attributed to the suppression of fast local densification in the case of high viscosity. The implications and limitations of the present analysis are also presented and discussed.
Ozer O.,Missiaen J.M.,Pascal C.,Lay S.,Chaix J.M.,Mitteau R. 한국분말야금학회 2006 한국분말야금학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.1
Processing of W-Cu graded materials from attritor-milled W-CuO mixtures is described. The powder reduction steps are investigated by TG and XRD analyses and by microstructural observations (SEM, TEM). Sintering of reduced powder with different compositions is analysed by dilatometry. Sintering behaviour of the graded component processed by co-compaction of a 10/20/30wt%Cu multi-layer material is briefly discussed. Liquid Cu migration is observed and smooths the composition gradient. Perspectives to control this migration are discussed.
Femtosecond electron-phonon lock-in by photoemission and x-ray free-electron laser
Gerber, S.,Yang, S.-L.,Zhu, D.,Soifer, H.,Sobota, J. A.,Rebec, S.,Lee, J. J.,Jia, T.,Moritz, B.,Jia, C.,Gauthier, A.,Li, Y.,Leuenberger, D.,Zhang, Y.,Chaix, L.,Li, W.,Jang, H.,Lee, J.-S.,Yi, M.,Dakovs American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2017 Science Vol.357 No.6346
<P><B>A deeper look into iron selenide</B></P><P>In the past 10 years, iron-based superconductors have created more puzzles than they have helped resolve. Some of the most fundamental outstanding questions are how strong the interactions are and what the electron pairing mechanism is. Now two groups have made contributions toward resolving these questions in the intriguing compound iron selenide (FeSe) (see the Perspective by Lee). Gerber <I>et al.</I> used photoemission spectroscopy coupled with x-ray diffraction to find that FeSe has a very sizable electron-phonon interaction. Quasiparticle interference imaging helped Sprau <I>et al.</I> determine the shape of the superconducting gap and find that the electron pairing in FeSe is orbital-selective.</P><P><I>Science</I>, this issue p. 71, p. 75; see also p. 32</P><P>The interactions that lead to the emergence of superconductivity in iron-based materials remain a subject of debate. It has been suggested that electron-electron correlations enhance electron-phonon coupling in iron selenide (FeSe) and related pnictides, but direct experimental verification has been lacking. Here we show that the electron-phonon coupling strength in FeSe can be quantified by combining two time-domain experiments into a “coherent lock-in” measurement in the terahertz regime. X-ray diffraction tracks the light-induced femtosecond coherent lattice motion at a single phonon frequency, and photoemission monitors the subsequent coherent changes in the electronic band structure. Comparison with theory reveals a strong enhancement of the coupling strength in FeSe owing to correlation effects. Given that the electron-phonon coupling affects superconductivity exponentially, this enhancement highlights the importance of the cooperative interplay between electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions.</P>