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Ismael Shámila,Rodrigues Catarina,Santos Gilberto Maia,Castela Inês,Barreiros-Mota Inês,Almeida Maria João,Calhau Conceição,Faria Ana,Araújo João Ricardo 한국영양학회 2023 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.17 No.4
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) is a tr yptophan-derived microbial metabolite that has been associated with protective effects against inflammator y and metabolic diseases. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effects of IPA under physiological conditions and at the intestinal level. MATERIALS/METHODS: Human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells were treated for 2, 24, and/ or 72 h with IPA or its precursors – indole, tr yptophan, and propionate – at 1, 10, 100, 250, or 500 μM to assess cell viability, integrity, differentiation, and proliferation. RESULTS: IPA induced cell proliferation and this effect was associated with a higher expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) and a lower expression of c-Jun. Although indole and propionate also induced cell proliferation, this involved ERK2 and c-Jun independent mechanisms. On the other hand, both tr yptophan and propionate increased cell integrity and reduced the expression of claudin-1, whereas propionate decreased cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, these findings suggested that IPA and its precursors distinctly contribute to the proliferation, differentiation, and barrier function properties of human intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, the pro-proliferative effect of IPA in intestinal epithelial cells was not explained by its precursors and is rather related to its whole chemical structure. Maintaining IPA at physiological levels, e.g., through IPA-producing commensal bacteria, may be important to preser ve the integrity of the intestinal barrier and play an integral role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
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