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( Olivier Cadot ),( Jaime De Melo ),( Alberto Portugal Perez ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2007 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.22 No.2
With free trade areas (FTAs) under negotiation between Japan and the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) members and between the Republic of Korea and AFTA members, preferential market access will become more important in Asian regionalism. Protectionist pressures will likely increase through rules of origin, the natural outlet for these pressures. Based on the experience of the European Union and the United States with rules of origin, this paper argues that, should these FTAs follow in the footsteps of the EU and the US and adopt similar RoO, trading partners in the region would incur unnecessary costs. Using EU trade with GSP and ACP partners, the paper estimates how the utilization of preferences would likely change if AFTA were to veer away from its current uniform RoO requiring a 40% local content rate. Depending on the sample used, a 10 percentage point reduction in the local value content requirement is estimated to increase the utilization rate of preferences by between 2.5 and 8.2 percentage points.
Maerten, P.,Kwon, B. S.,Shen, C.,De Hertogh, G.,Cadot, P.,Bullens, D. M. A.,Overbergh, L.,Mathieu, C.,Van Assche, G.,Geboes, K.,Rutgeerts, P.,Ceuppens, J. L. Blackwell Science Ltd 2006 Clinical and experimental immunology Vol.143 No.2
<P>Summary</P><P>4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) expressed on antigen-presenting cells interacts with 4-1BB on activated T cells (especially CD8<SUP>+</SUP> cells) and co-stimulates the latter to secrete cytokines and to proliferate. The role of 4-1BB−4-1BBL interaction was studied here in a model of colitis based on naive CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cell transfer to SCID mice, a disease model in which CD8 cells do not take part. We found that CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells from 4-1BB-deficient mice, after transfer in SCID mice, proliferated more rapidly compared to wild-type CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. Mice reconstituted with naive CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells from 4-1BB-deficient mice developed colitis, however, with a mixed Th1/Th2 response, in contrast to the Th1-type response in mice reconstituted with wild-type naive CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. Importantly, this altered cytokine response did not temper colitis severity. Although it has been reported previously that 4-1BB co-stimulation may contribute to regulatory T cell functioning, we found that CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CD25<SUP>+</SUP> regulatory T cells from 4-1BB-deficient mice were perfectly able to prevent naive CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cell-induced colitis. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that 4-1BB−4-1BBL interaction modulates the effector CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cell-driven immune response and cytokine production in experimental colitis without affecting regulatory T cell function.</P>
Martynova, S. A.,Plyusnin, P. E.,Asanova, T. I.,Asanov, I. P.,Pishchur, D. P.,Korenev, S. V.,Kosheev, S. V.,Floquet, S.,Cadot, E.,Yusenko, K. V. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY Vol.42 No.3
<P>[M(NH3)5Cl][IrCl6], M = Co, Cr, Ru, Rh, and Ir, were proposed as single-source precursors for bimetallic alloys. Their thermal decomposition in inert and reductive atmospheres below 700 °C results in the formation of nanostructured porous Ir0.5M0.5 alloys. Salts decompose with a significant exothermal effect during the first stage of their thermal breakdown in an inert atmosphere above 200 °C. The exothermal effect gradually decreases in the series: [Co(NH3)5Cl][IrCl6] (1) > [Cr(NH3)5Cl][IrCl6] (2) > [Ru(NH3)5Cl][IrCl6] (3) > [Rh(NH3)5Cl][IrCl6] (4); [Ir(NH3)5Cl][IrCl6] (5) does not exhibit any thermal effects and decomposes at much higher temperatures. To shed light on their thermal decomposition and the nature of the exothermal effect, DSC-EGA, <I>in situ</I> and <I>ex situ</I> IR, Raman, XPS and XAFS studies were performed. A combination of complementary techniques suggests a simultaneous ligand exchange and a reduction of central atoms as key processes. In [Co(NH3)5Cl][IrCl6], Co(iii) and Ir(iv) simultaneously oxidise coordinated ammonia, which can be detected due to a significant exothermal effect and the presence of Co(ii) and Ir(iii) in the intermediate product. The appearance of Ir-N frequencies demonstrates a ligand exchange between cations and the [IrCl6]<SUP>2−</SUP> anion. Salts with Cr(iii), Ru(iii), and Rh(iii) show a much lower exothermal effect due to the stability of their oxidation states. Salts with Rh(iii) and Ir(iii) demonstrate a high thermal stability and a low tendency for ligand exchange as well as decomposition with exothermal effects.</P>