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Articles : Price and Quality Effects of VERs Revisited: A Case Study of Korean Footwear Exports
( Jaime De Melo ),( L. Alan Winters ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1993 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.8 No.1
This paper analyzes the price and quality effects of VERs on Korean footwear exports, applying index numbers to disaggregated Korean footwear exports during the period 1974-86. Unlike previous studies of upgrading that have relied on analyses of imports to the restricted markets. this paper compares restrained exporter`s sales to different markets, thereby providing a more accurate test of theoretical predictions. We find significant price increases to the restricted markets and mild across the board downgrading during the period when the VERs were binding.
Notes on Detecting The Effects of Non Tariff Measures
( Jaime De Melo ),( Celine Carrere ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소(구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2011 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.26 No.1
Alternative approaches to estimating the effects of nontariff measures (NTMs) on trade flows are discussed and evaluated critically. Recent econometric studies point to three results: (i) NTM restrictiveness measures based on an aggregate of ‘core’ NTMs are more restrictive than existing tariffs and, because of export composition towards agricultural products, in the aggregate, these ‘core’ NTMs limit market access most for low-income countries; (ii) Proxies for individual NTMs have a negative effect on the volume of bilateral trade for the detailed product under scrutiny; (iii) harmonization of standards is trade enhancing. Case studies confirm several of these patterns, and also that perceived severity of NTMs varies across products and across destinations for a given product. Across broadly defined imports at the section level, NTMs are more restrictive than the corresponding tariffs with two-thirds of the ad-valorem equivalent estimates in the 25%-50% range. Technical regulations and non-automatic licensing are the most used single-NTM measures and the restrictiveness of technical regulations increases with income per capita.
Non-Tariff Measures: What Do We Know, What Might Be Done?
( Jaime De Melo ),( Celine Carrere ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소(구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2011 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.26 No.1
With the reduction in tariff barriers, Non-tariff and behind-the-border measures (NTM and BTB) have increased in importance. This paper surveys the state of knowledge with the view to drawing implications for policy suggestions to reduce those NTM barriers that are welfare reducing. Following a description of data bases and their shortcomings, the paper reviews the state of understanding on the effects of NTMs on trade flows. The more difficult issue of translating these effects into welfare implications are covered next. The paper concludes with different approaches at reducing NTMs.
Price and Quality Effects of VERs Revisited : A Case Study of Korean Footwear Exports
Melo, Jaime de,Winters, L, Alan 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1993 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.8 No.1
This paper analyzes the price and quality effects of VERs on Korean footwear exports, applying index numbers to disaggregated Korean footwear exports during the period 1974-86. Unlike previous studies of upgrading that have relied on analyses of imports to the restricted markets, this paper compares restrained exporter's sales to different markets, thereby providing a more accurate test of theoretical predictions. We find significant price increases to the restricted markets and mild across the board downgrading during the period when the VERs were binding.
( Olivier Cadot ),( Jaime De Melo ),( Alberto Portugal Perez ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2007 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.22 No.2
With free trade areas (FTAs) under negotiation between Japan and the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) members and between the Republic of Korea and AFTA members, preferential market access will become more important in Asian regionalism. Protectionist pressures will likely increase through rules of origin, the natural outlet for these pressures. Based on the experience of the European Union and the United States with rules of origin, this paper argues that, should these FTAs follow in the footsteps of the EU and the US and adopt similar RoO, trading partners in the region would incur unnecessary costs. Using EU trade with GSP and ACP partners, the paper estimates how the utilization of preferences would likely change if AFTA were to veer away from its current uniform RoO requiring a 40% local content rate. Depending on the sample used, a 10 percentage point reduction in the local value content requirement is estimated to increase the utilization rate of preferences by between 2.5 and 8.2 percentage points.
EFFICIENCY AND EXPORT EARNINGS IMPLICATIONS OF TWO - TIER QUOTA ALLOCATION RULES
BARK, TAEHO,DE MELO, JAIME 한국국제경제학회 1989 International Economic Journal Vol.3 No.3
Countries facing VERs often adopt a two-tier allocation system for export licenses to the restricted market: (1) a "basic" allocation based on export shares to the restricted market: (2) and an "open" allocation based on export shares to the nonrestristed market. This paper shows that this two-tier allocation system which increases exports to the nonrestricted market beyond levels with a single quota allocation system has an efficiency cost as it results in extra sales at below marginal cost. The paper also shows that the recent history of VER negotiations provides a rationale for such a policy. Finally, the paper suggests that the recent increase in anti-dumping cases maybe partly associated with the adoption of two-tier quote allocation systems.