임상간호사의 소진에 영향을 미치는 요인 : 감정노동을 중심으로

변대식,염영희 대한간호학회 간호행정학회 2009 간호행정학회지 Vol.15 No.3

Purpose: This study was to identify the factors that influence the burnout of clinical nurses. Methods: Subjects were 279 nurses in 3 university hospitals at Seoul and Gyunggi province. Data were collected with self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS 16.0 by applying t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and Stepwise multiple regression. Result: There are significant differences between burnout and demographic characteristics, such as, age, marital status, education level, clinical career, and position. All variables except emotional labor were negatively correlated with burnout. The emotional labor was positively correlated with burnout. Job satisfaction, emotional labor, self-efficacy, and age had significant influence on nurses' burnout. The explained variances for burnout was 54.8% and job satisfaction was the most significant factor of burnout of nurses. Conclusion: Emotional labor is found to be a new factor that influences burnout. Therefore, it is necessary to establish new organizational culture through emotional education programs at the organizational level to reduce nurses' emotional labor.

소아과 입원 환자에 대한 통계적 고찰

정용현,서우식,유재홍,변상현 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1995 충남의대잡지 Vol.22 No.2

For the purpose of assessing the disease patterns by the body organ system in patients of the pediatric age, we performed a statistical analysis of diseases of patients admitted to the department of pediatrics at Chungnam National University Hospital from January 1990 to December 1994. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Total numbers of in-patients were 8,007, of which 4,923 were male and 3,084 were female. The ratio male to female was 1.60 : 1. 2. Prevalence of the diseases classified by body organ system was in the following order : neonatal diseases (34.6%), respiratory diseases (17.4%), infectious diseases (11.5%), congenital anomalies (5.5%), digestive diseases (5.1%), genitourinary diseases (4.9%), neoplasm (4.7%), blood diseases (3.3%), nervous system diseases (2.8%), metabolic and endocrine diseases (2.4%), circulatory system diseases (2.3%), skin and subcutaneous diseases (1.3%), musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases (1.2%), mental and behavior disorders (0.4%). 3. Major diseases in each body organ system were as follows : 1) infectious diseases : unspecified acute gastroenteritis (35.9%), viral meningitis (10.4%), Rotaviral enteritis (6.8%), sepsis (6.7%), measles (5.8%). 2) neoplasm ; ALL (34.1%), AML (15.8%), Wilms tumor (12.8%), NHL (8.2%), neuroblastoma (5.6%) 3) blood diseases : allergic purpura (24.2%), aplastic anemia (17.1%), ITP (16.4%), iron deficiency anemia (15.8%). 4) metabolic and endocrine diseases : short stature (22.0%), hypocalcemia (13.8%), metabolic acidosis (9.6%), IDDM (6.4%). 5) mental and behavior diseases : neurosis (47.7%), mental retardation (18.2%). 6) Nervous and sensory system diseases : epilepsy (43.2%), cerebral palsy (12.1%), otitis media (9.3%), encephalopathy (6.2%). 7) circulatory system diseases: congestive heart failure (29.2%), dilated cardiomyopathy (8.0%), rheumatic fever (8.0%), mitral insufficiency (6.8%), hypertension (6.4%). 8) respiratory diseases : pneumonia (40.1%), URI (9.6%), acute tonsillitis (9.4%), asthma (8.5%), acute bronchiolitis (8.3%), croup (7.1%), acute bronchitis (4.1%). 9) digestive system diseases : unspecified hepatitis (22.8%), acute gastritis (13.8%). CAH (12.6%), intussusception (7.8%), constipation (7.1%). 10) skin and subcutaneous diseases : cellulitis (23.1%), lymphadenitis (19.7%), urticaria (15.6%), atopic dermatitis (8.8%), furuncle (8.2%). 11) musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases : Kawasaki disease (76.8%), JRA (8.5%), SLE (7.0%). 12) genitourinary system diseases : UTI (29.0%), minimal change nephrotic syndrome (27.3%), APSGN (7.6%), APN (4.9%). 13) congenital or chromosomal abnormalities : VSD (38.7%), ASD (10.5%), TOF (8.4%), PDA (5.2%), CHPS (4.5%), Down syndrome (4.1%). 14) neonatal diseases : jaundice (32.0%), prematurity (12.7%), RDS (5.7%), sepsis (4.5%), birth asphyxia (3.0%), SGA (3.0%). 15) Others : febrile convulsion (45.6%), failure to thrive (9.2%), FUO (8.9%), drug intoxication (8.2%). 4. Common diseases for admission in pediatrics were in the following order : jaundice, pneumonia, unspecified acute gastroenteritis, VSD, RDS, URI, acute tonsillitis, acute lymphadenitis, ALL, sepsis, asthma, acute bronchiolitis, UTI.

주정 중독 흰쥐에서 총담관 결찰이 간 및 혈청의 Glyoxalase I 활성에 미치는 영향

곽춘식,김여희,변용준 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1995 계명의대학술지 Vol.14 No.4

The activities of the rat liver and serum glyoxalase-I(GLO-I) were studied in cholestasis induced by common bile duct(CBD) ligation after chronic ethanol intoxication, and in cholestasis before acute ethanol intoxication to establish the biochemical background of alcohol hazards in hepatobiliary disease. GLO-I activities in the rat's liver and serum showed less increases when CBD was ligated after chronic ethanol intoxication than that in the CBD ligation alone. GLO-I activities in the rat's liver and serum showed no more increases when acute ethanol intoxication was induced after CBD ligation than that in the CBD ligation alone. On the other hand, when CBD was ligated after chronic ethanol intoxication, the value of Vmax of the liver GLO-I decreased significantly than that in the CBD was ligated alone. However, the values of Km of the liver GLO-I did not changes in the all experimental groups. Viewed from above results, when chronic ethanol intoxication is combined with cholestasis, GLO-I in the liver seems to be decrease its activity than that in cholestasis, and the cause of the decrease is thought to be decreased biosynthesis.

모 주물공장 근로자의 작업공정별 분진폭로량, 자각증상 및 건강진단판정 비교

이범식,조영채,변정식,김동현,원선혜,김정윤 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1995 環境硏究 Vol.13 No.-

The relationship among dust exposure dose, special health diagnosis results and subjective symptom questionaire survey for 109 casting foundry workers supervised by a local laber office has been studied from august to october 1993. Subjective symptom, dust exposure dose and health examination evaluation of respective working processes have been analized and concluded as follows; 1. Metal fume concentration in melting process measured 3.21±1.46㎎/㎥ is under threshould limit value(TLV;5.0㎎/㎥), casting sand dust measured in molding and desanding process is 5.8 ±3.41㎎/㎥ and 9.69 ±2.64㎎/㎥ which is 3-5 times higher than TLV(2.0㎎/㎥), metal fume, welding fume and metal dust in finishing process measured 9.34 ±1.32, 13.73 ±16.97 and 10.17 ±3.50㎎/㎥ respectively, which are also 2-3 times higher than TLV(5.0㎎/㎥). 2. The complain rate subjective symptoms appeal evaluated for finishing process are 35.9%, 46.2%, 27.2% and 42.2% for eye smptoms, respiractory, skin, general symptom respectively and the rates above express the highest values and the complain rates for melting process are 24.4%, 37.5% and 35.7% for eye smptoms, respiratory and mental system respectively and for molding and desanding it is 24.3%. 3. Perceived occupational disease rate is found 0.9% with are out of 109 worker surveyed who have been exposed in metal fume of finishing process. 4. 33.0% of workers surved are found to require close examination, the worker of hepatopathy suspected are 21.4% which is the highest and 3.7% for circulatory disturbance suspected. 5. The statistically significant variables in general chracteristics that affect health examination evaluation are smoking(P<0.001), respirator put-on (P<0.05) and working career(P<0.05). 6. Cough(P<0.001), "headache"(P<0.05) and "easily skin exchange by slight stimulation" (P<0.05) are statistically significant to the subjective symptom variables affect health examination evaluation.

랫트의 생체내 카드뮴 단독투여 및 카드뮴과 셀레늄 병용투여에 따른 필수원소의 변화

김동현,변정식,조영채,이범식,김광환,김정윤 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1995 環境硏究 Vol.13 No.-

This study was performed to find out the changes of essential elements as Cu, Fe, Zn, and Ca in blood, liver, kidney and testis of rats. The experimental rats were divided into 4 groups that were consisted of control group(groupⅠ), 3.0㎎Cd/kg group(groupⅡ), 3.0㎎Cd +1.0㎎Se/kg group(groupⅢ) and 3.0mgCd+2.5mgSe/kg group(groupⅣ). Each group was intraperitoneal injection with difference dose of cadmium and selenium such as 3.0mgCd/kg, 3.0mgCd+1.0mgSe/kg and 3.0mgCd+2.5mgSe/kg. Rats were killed at the time of 3 day and 28 day, and Cd, Se, Cu, Zn and Ca concentration in several organs were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and inductively Coupled Plasma. Cadmium content in blood, liver, kidney and testis were significantly increased in the Cd alone injection group than Cd mixed with selenium injection groups. But, copper content were not significantly differences in control and each experimental group. Iron content were significantly increased in the Cd alone injection group than others groups. Zinc and calcium content were significantly decreased in the Cd alone injection group than other groups. On the other hand the essential element content in Cd mixed with selenium injection group were almost equaled with those of control group than Cd alone injection group.

교정환자에서 MRI를 이용한 측두하악관절 장애의 연구

김태우,변은선,백승학,장영일,남동석,양원식 대한치과교정학회 2000 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.30 No.2

측두하악관절의 자기공명영상(MRI)은 하악과두와 관절원판(disc)의 관계를 잘 보여주기 때문에 관절내장증(internal derangement)의 진단을 위해 매우 유용하다. 이번 연구의 목적은 서울대학교 치과병원 교정과에 내원한 측두하악관절 장애가 의심되는 환자들의 MRI자료를 평가하여 관절 내장증의 유무, 발생빈도 및 심도를 파악하는 것이다. MRI를 촬영한 표본은 남자 10명, 여자 40명으로 총 50명이었고 평균 나이는 22.9세였다. 전체 50명 중에 43명에서 positive finding이 관찰되었다. Positive finding을 나타낸 환자 중에서 전방관절원판변위 (anterior disc displacement : ADD)는 비정복성이 56%로 가장 많았으며, 양쪽 관절에서 동시에 일어난 경우가 65%로 가장 많았다. Positive finding을 나타낸 환자를 Angle 분류 시, Ⅱ급 1류 부정교합 환자가 39.6%, Ⅱ급 2류 부정교합 환자가 2.3%로 Ⅱ급 부정교합이 41.9%로 가장 많았고, 1급 부정교합 환자는 37.2%, Ⅲ급 부정결합 환자가 18.6%, 확인 안된 경우가 2.3%였다. Positive finding을 나타낸 환자 중에서 안면 비대칭 환자는 8.6%, 개교 환자는 55.8%였다. 결론적으로 측두하악관절의 관절 내장증을 가진 환자에서는 Ⅱ급 부정교합이 차지하는 비율이 매우 크다고 할 수 있다. 개교나 안면 비대칭은 측두하악관절 장애로 인한 보상적 또는 비보상적인 변형에 의해 나타날 수 있으며 퇴행성 관절 질환으로 진행되는 과정 중 안면 골격 개조의 결과로 보인다. 그러므로 개교 및 안면 비대칭이 있는 환자는 교정 치료 시작 전에 측두하악관절의 이상 유무를 MRI로 확인(screening)할 것이 권장된다. 측두하악관절 장애가 있는 경우 교정 치료 후에도 재발의 경향이 크고 측두하악관절에 대한 계속적인 관찰이 필요하므로 감별진단이 필수적이다. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) of the temporomandibular joint(TMJ) is very useful method to diagnose internal derangement of the TMJ because of its high specificity for identification of condyle-disc relationships. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the existence, incidence and severity of internal derangement of the TMJ by the MRI of patients who are suspected to leave TMJ disorder. MRI sample was composed of 50 subjects(10 males, 40 females) and the mean age was 22.9 years. 43 subjects of the sample were found to have positive findings. 56% of the subjects with positive findings had ADD(anterior disc displacement) without reduction, and 65% had internal derangement of bilateral joints. Distributions in the types of malocclusion in patients with positive findings, the Angle's classification had shown : the largest 41.9% for Cl II(39.6% for Cl II div 1 and 2.3% for Cl II div 2), 37.2% for Cl I, 18.6% for Cl III, and 2.3% for the unidentified. 8.6% of the subjects with positive findings had facial asymmetry and 55.8% had openbite. We can conclude that the percentage of Cl II is the highest in patients with internal derangement of the TMJ. Openbite or facial asymmetry is considered to be uncompensated or compensated deformity which results from facial skeleton remodeling in the process of degenerative joint disease(DJD) due to TMJ degeneration. Therefore it is recommended to screen the patients with facial asymmetry or openbite by MRI before the beginning of orthodontic treatment. Differential diagnosis is essential because the tendency of relapse is high after the orthodontic treatment and continuous observation of TMJ is needed in patients with TMJ disorder.

CDMA 시각 동기용 GPS 시스템의 고주파부 설계 및 제작

홍성일,김영민,변건식 東亞大學校 附設 情報通信硏究所 1996 情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.4 No.1

When GPS(Global Positioning System) is used as synchronous signal in CDMA digital cellular base station system and high speed digital synchronous communication network, antenna cable lengh is increased, comparing with other GPS application such as positioning or car navigation. In this paper, it is proposed that a type of new GPS antenna system including RF stage for reduction of cable loss in case of long cable. The antenna system with TMPA(Truncated-corners Microstrip Patch Antenna) is designed and fabricated because GPS signal has RHCP(Right-Hand Circular Polarization), consequently antenna size can be made small size. NAN(Low Noise Amplifier) is designed by using HEMT(High Electron Mobility Transistor) which has lower noise figure and better AGC characteristics at low voltage than GaAs FET, and we equipped mixer, in GPS antenna unit, which converts from 1575.42MHz to 75.42MHz. As result of comparing between typical system and proposed system when cable length is 60m, 63dB, 55dB and 25dB gain are obtained for RG-316/U, RG-58C/U and RG-213/U, and better characteristics are achieved than typical system as far as cable length is longer.

Swelling Behavior and Drug Release of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogel Cross-Linked with Poly(acrylic acid)

Byun, Hong-Sik,Hong, Byung-Pyo,Nam, Sang-Yong,Jung, Sun-Young,Rhim, Ji-Won,Lee, Sang-Bong,Moon, Go-Young The Polymer Society of Korea 2008 Macromolecular Research Vol.16 No.3

Thermal cross-linking method of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was carried out on PVA/PAA hydrogels. The level of gelation was measured in the PVA/PAA hydrogels with various PAA contents. The swelling behavior at various pHs showed that the swelling kinetics and water contents of the PVA/PAA hydrogels reached equilibrium after 30 h, and the time to reach the equilibrium state decreased with increasing PAA content in the hydrogel. The water content increased with increasing pH of the buffer solution. The permeation and release of the drug were tested using indomethacin as a model drug. The permeated and released amounts of the drug increased with decreasing the PAA content because of the low free volume in the hydrogel due to the higher cross-linking density. The kinetic profile of drug release at various pHs showed that all samples reached the equilibrium state within the 5 h.

Efficient handling of RFID reader devices in RFID Middleware

Young-Sik Noh,Ji-Yun Cha,Yung-Cheol Byun,Sang-Young Byun,Chul-Ung Kang 한국정보통신학회 2009 2016 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Vol.2 No.1

Experience of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in 11 Patients with Liver Cirrhosis from Korea

Jong Young Choi Korean Academy of Medical Science 1998 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.13 No.3