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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Bretherton, Christopher S. (검색결과 5 건)
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Reexamining the Nonlinear Moisture‐Precipitation Relationship Over the Tropical Oceans
Rushley, S. S.,Kim, D.,Bretherton, C. S.,Ahn, M.‐,S. American Geophysical Union 2018 Geophysical research letters Vol.45 No.2
<P>Bretherton et al. (2004) used the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) version 5 product to derive an exponential curve that describes the relationship between precipitation and column relative humidity (CRH) over the tropical oceans. The curve, which features a precipitation pickup at a CRH of about 0.75 and a rapid increase of precipitation with CRH after the pickup, has been widely used in the studies of the tropical atmosphere. This study reexamines the moisture-precipitation relationship by using the version 7 SSM/I data, in which several biases in the previous version are corrected, and evaluates the relationship in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models. In the revised exponential curve derived using the updated satellite data, the precipitation pickup occurs at a higher CRH (similar to 0.8), and precipitation increases more slowly with CRH than in the previous curve. In most CMIP5 models, the precipitation pickup is too early due to the common model bias of overestimated (underestimated) precipitation in the dry (wet) regime.</P>
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The European Union as Trade Actor and Environmental Activist : Contradictory Roles?
Bretherton, Charlotte,Vogler, John 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2000 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.15 No.2
The European Union has increasigly become an actor in its own right in the politics of the international economy. By virtue of its Common Commercial Policy it has always been a formidable trade policy actor, but over the last twenty years the EC has also developed extensive environmental policy competences and the Union has aspired to a leadership role in negotiations on global sustainability. This article describes the complex and multifaceted character of the EU as an external trade and environmental policy actor. It then considers cases where the two roles complement or contradict each other including; the Committee on Trade and Environment of the WTO, the Basel Convention, 'leghold traps', and the Biosafety Protocol for genetically modified organisms. The article concludes that, while disputes within the Union tend to be resolved in favour of trade interests, policy on the latter has been significantly influenced by the Union's newer concern with environmental sustainability.
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The European Union as Trade Actor and Environmental Activist: Contradictory Roles?
( Charlotte Bretherton ),( John Vogler ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2000 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.15 No.2
The European Union has increasigly become an actor in its own right in the politics of the international economy. By virtue of its Common Commercial Policy it has always been a formidable trade policy actor, but over the last twenty years the EC has also developed extensive environmental policy competences and the Union has aspired to a leadership role in negotiations on global sustainability. This article describes the complex and multifaceted character of the EU as an external trade and environmental policy actor. It then considers cases where the two roles complement or contradict each other including; the Committee on Trade and Environment of the WTO, the Basel Convention, ‘leghold traps’, and the Biosafety Protocol for genetically modified organisms. The article concludes that, while disputes within the Union tend to be resolved in favour of trade interests, policy on the latter has been significantly influenced by the Union`s newer concern with environmental sustainability. (JEL Classifications: F13)
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The impact of parametrized convection on cloud feedback
Webb, Mark J.,Lock, Adrian P.,Bretherton, Christopher S.,Bony, Sandrine,Cole, Jason N. S.,Idelkadi, Abderrahmane,Kang, Sarah M.,Koshiro, Tsuyoshi,Kawai, Hideaki,Ogura, Tomoo,Roehrig, Romain,Shin, Yech The Royal Society Publishing 2015 Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical Vol.373 No.2054
<P>We investigate the sensitivity of cloud feedbacks to the use of convective parametrizations by repeating the CMIP5/CFMIP-2 AMIP/AMIP + 4K uniform sea surface temperature perturbation experiments with 10 climate models which have had their convective parametrizations turned off. Previous studies have suggested that differences between parametrized convection schemes are a leading source of inter-model spread in cloud feedbacks. We find however that ‘ConvOff’ models with convection switched off have a similar overall range of cloud feedbacks compared with the standard configurations. Furthermore, applying a simple bias correction method to allow for differences in present-day global cloud radiative effects substantially reduces the differences between the cloud feedbacks with and without parametrized convection in the individual models. We conclude that, while parametrized convection influences the strength of the cloud feedbacks substantially in some models, other processes must also contribute substantially to the overall inter-model spread. The positive shortwave cloud feedbacks seen in the models in subtropical regimes associated with shallow clouds are still present in the ConvOff experiments. Inter-model spread in shortwave cloud feedback increases slightly in regimes associated with trade cumulus in the ConvOff experiments but is quite similar in the most stable subtropical regimes associated with stratocumulus clouds. Inter-model spread in longwave cloud feedbacks in strongly precipitating regions of the tropics is substantially reduced in the ConvOff experiments however, indicating a considerable local contribution from differences in the details of convective parametrizations. In both standard and ConvOff experiments, models with less mid-level cloud and less moist static energy near the top of the boundary layer tend to have more positive tropical cloud feedbacks. The role of non-convective processes in contributing to inter-model spread in cloud feedback is discussed.</P>
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