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Francesco Grigioni,Antonio Russo,Ferdinando Pasquale,Elena Biagini,Francesco Barberini,Marinella Ferlito,Ornella Leone,Claudio Rapezzi 한국심초음파학회 2015 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.23 No.3
Knowledge of mitral regurgitation (MR) is essential for any care provider, and not only for those directly involved in the managementof cardiovascular diseases. This happens because MR is the most frequent valvular lesion in North America and the secondmost common form of valve disease requiring surgery in Europe. Furthermore, due to the ageing of the general population and thereduced mortality from acute cardiovascular events, the prevalence of MR is expected to increase further. Doppler echocardiographyis essential both for the diagnosis and the clinical management of MR. In the present article, we sought to provide a practicalstep-by-step approach to help either performing a Doppler echocardiography or interpreting its findings in light of contemporaryknowledge on organic (but not only) MR.
Molecular link between auxin and ROS-mediated polar growth
Mangano, Silvina,Denita-Juarez, Silvina Paola,Choi, Hee-Seung,Marzol, Eliana,Hwang, Youra,Ranocha, Philippe,Velasquez, Silvia Melina,Borassi, Cecilia,Barberini, Marí,a Laura,Aptekmann, Ariel Ale National Academy of Sciences 2017 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.114 No.20
<P>Root hair polar growth is endogenously controlled by auxin and sustained by oscillating levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These cells extend several hundred-fold their original size toward signals important for plant survival. Although their final cell size is of fundamental importance, the molecular mechanisms that control it remain largely unknown. Here we show that ROS production is controlled by the transcription factor RSL4, which in turn is transcriptionally regulated by auxin through several auxin response factors (ARFs). In this manner, auxin controls ROS-mediated polar growth by activating RSL4, which then up-regulates the expression of genes encoding NADPH oxidases (also known as RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG proteins) and class III peroxidases, which catalyze ROS production. Chemical or genetic interference with ROS balance or peroxidase activity affects root hair final cell size. Overall, our findings establish a molecular link between auxin and ROS-mediated polar root hair growth.</P>