Sequencing & design of processing instruments alter the degree of dispersion of clays and mechanical properties of nanocomposites

Balwinder Ghuman 장전수학회 2021 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.24 No.4

Polyurethane coatings reinforced with nano clay especially organo-modified clay, show high sensitivity to changes in structure, properties, and performance when the sequence and design of its processing instruments are slightly altered. Using 1 weight percentage cloisite C30B nano-filled polyurethane coating formulations, we demonstrate that a combination of probe sonicator (PS) and ultrasonic bath (USB) can process these coatings into structurally different nanocomposite coatings possessing varied properties. In process-P, we combined the PS and USB into parallel (simultaneous usage) while in process-S we used USB first and PS later for processing the formulations in series combinations. These coating formulations were characterized for mechanical and barrier properties and tried to correlate with the degree of dispersion of clays in the PU matrix. The effect of the design of processing instruments on mechanical properties was studied by replacing PS with M (Mechanical homogenizing mixer) in parallel and series sequencing. This kind of sensitivity to processing sequences for these nanocomposite coatings was unknown and requires greater investigations for generalizing the results for all other nanofillers.

Skew Detection and Correction of Gurmukhi Words from Natural Scene Images

Balwinder Singh,Raman Maini 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Vol.9 No.9

Natural scene images are more susceptible to skew deformation as compared to document text which makes skew correction an indispensable step in scene text extraction. This work evaluates Murthy’s Devanagari scene word slant correction method [Signal, Image and Video Processing, 7(6), 2012] on Gurmukhi scene images. The method makes use of headline feature of Devanagari which also exist in Gurmukhi script. The headline of Gurmukhi word is found by perceiving farthest located salient points as its end-points and skew angle of headline is calculated from its slope. Gurmukhi word image is de-skewed using skew angle of identified headline. The method has been tested on 100 self-captured good quality Gurmukhi and 117 publically available Devanagari scene words with average accuracy of 62.8% and 72.2% respectively. The method has been found to be working well on few samples of defective scene words, provided actual end-points of headline are preserved. It has been observed that Murthy’s method is very simple to implement, does not require any pre-processing and give good results in wide variety of practical situations. However, this method does not work well for single character words with vowel above headline and words with identified headline parallel to horizontal axis.

In Vitro Production of PLRV and PSTVd-Free Plants of Potato using Electrotherapy

Balwinder Singh,Amritpal Kaur 한국작물학회 2016 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.19 No.4

Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) were responsible for major economic losses in potato production. Effect of electrotherapy on the regeneration response and production of PLRV and PSTVd-free plants from potato explants is reported. DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR were used for indexing of infected and in vitro-regenerated potato plants. Shoot tips, nodal segments, and tuber sprouts of infected potato plants were exposing to electric current intensities of 5- 25 mA in separate lots for a time period of 5-25 min and cultured on medium. Regeneration response was not significantly changed by exposing explants to 5-10 mA for 5-10 min. Electrotherapy at 15, 20, and 25 mA for 15-25 min had slightly decreased regeneration response of explants and current treatment at 20 and 25 mA for 20 min gave an appreciable number of PLRV and PSTVd-free plants. In a comparative study, electrotherapy of shoot tips and sprouts at 20 mA/20 min proved effective for knocking out virus and viroid without any adverse effecta on regeneration response and production of plantlets. Shoot tips gave 46.72% PLRV and 45.90% PSTVd-free plants with regeneration response of 84.71% and sprouts gave 42.85% PLRV and 43.60% PSTVd-free plants with regeneration response of 92.35% by using 20 mA/20 min treatment. Nodal segments showed less regeneration response (78.47%) and produced a low frequency of PLRV (34.51%) and PSTVd (33.62%)-free plants after this treatment. The protocol is simple and effective for eradicating PLRV and PSTVd from infected potato germplasm.

Comparison of Agar and Gum Karaya as Gelling Agent for in vitro Regeneration of Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) Plantlets from Nodal Explants

Balwinder Singh,Amritpal Kaur 한국작물학회 2011 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.14 No.4

In the present study, attempt was made to compare agar with gum karaya as gelling agent in micropropagation of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.). Initially nodal segments were cultured on agar-gel MS medium containing benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KN), zeatin (ZN) (1.0 - 2.5 mg L^(-1) ) and malt extract (200 - 1,200 mg L^(-1) ) to standardize the medium. Maximum shoot regeneration (66.66%) was observed with KN 2 mg L^(-1) with an average shoot length of 0.73 cm. Gum karaya and agar was then evaluated at different concentration and combinations in same medium. The shoot regeneration response on media gelled with 30 g L^(-1) gum karaya was 62.49% with an average shoot length of 0.80 cm. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium gelled with agar and supplemented with different concentrations (0.5 - 2.5 mg L^(-1) ) of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Maximum response (52.77 %) was observed with IBA 2.0 mg L^(-1) with an average number of 2.58 roots/shoot. A maximum of 53.47% cultures showed root regeneration with an average number of 2.91 roots/shoot in 30 g L^(-1) gum karaya-gel medium. Texture measurements revealed that firmness of gum karaya-gel medium was nowhere near to that of agar. However, in their capability of supporting growth and differentiation of explants they are equal to agar medium. Gum karaya forms less adhesive and gummy medium as compared to agar. This study indicates that gum karaya can be used as gelling agent in place of agar.

Effect of Antiviral Chemicals on In Vitro Regeneration Response and Production of PLRV-Free Plants of Potato

Balwinder Singh 한국작물학회 2015 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.18 No.5

Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) is causing serious loss in yield and quality of potatoes. In the present study, the effect of seven antiviral chemicals viz. Acyclovir, 5-Azacytidine, Cytarabine, 5-Bromouracil, Ribavirin, 2-Thiouracil and Zidovudine on regeneration response and production of PLRV-free plants under in vitro conditions is reported. MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L-1 GA3, 0.1 mg L-1 NAA and 500 mg L-1 malt extract was used for regeneration of plantlets from nodal explants. DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR was used for virus indexing of the mother plant and in vitro-regenerated plantlets. Explants of PLRV positive potato plants were cultured on this medium containing different concentrations (5 - 30 mg L-1) of antiviral chemicals. Shoot regeneration response varied between tested antiviral chemicals and was decreased with increase in concentration of antiviral chemicals from 5 to 30 mg L-1. Antiviral chemicals at 30 mg L-1 concentration showed strong inhibitory effect on regeneration response of shoots. In vitro regenerated plantlets tested negative in both ELISA and RT-PCR were only considered as virus free. When regeneration response and number of virus-free plants produced was compared, 2- thiouracil and ribavirin (25 mg L-1) were found to be effective. 2- thiouracil (25 mg L-1) gave 38.68% PLRV free plants with 30.55% cultures showing shoot regeneration and ribavirin (25 mg L-1) gave 39.62% PLRV-free plants with 36.80% cultures showing shoot regeneration. Regeneration response of explants was better on 5-Bromouracil at 30 mg L-1 concentrations but it was found least effective in production of PLRV-free potato plants.

Comparison of Agar and Gum Karaya as Gelling Agent for in vitro Regeneration of Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) Plantlets from Nodal Explants

Singh, Balwinder,Kaur, Amritpal 한국작물학회 2011 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.14 No.4

In the present study, attempt was made to compare agar with gum karaya as gelling agent in micropropagation of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.). Initially nodal segments were cultured on agar-gel MS medium containing benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KN), zeatin (ZN) (1.0 - 2.5 mg $L^{-1}$) and malt extract (200 - 1,200 mg $L^{-1}$) to standardize the medium. Maximum shoot regeneration (66.66%) was observed with KN 2 mg $L^{-1}$ with an average shoot length of 0.73 cm. Gum karaya and agar was then evaluated at different concentration and combinations in same medium. The shoot regeneration response on media gelled with 30 g $L^{-1}$ gum karaya was 62.49% with an average shoot length of 0.80 cm. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium gelled with agar and supplemented with different concentrations (0.5 - 2.5 mg $L^{-1}$) of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and indole-3- butyric acid (IBA). Maximum response (52.77 %) was observed with IBA 2.0 mg $L^{-1}$ with an average number of 2.58 roots/shoot. A maximum of 53.47% cultures showed root regeneration with an average number of 2.91 roots/shoot in 30 g $L^{-1}$ gum karaya-gel medium. Texture measurements revealed that firmness of gum karaya-gel medium was nowhere near to that of agar. However, in their capability of supporting growth and differentiation of explants they are equal to agar medium. Gum karaya forms less adhesive and gummy medium as compared to agar. This study indicates that gum karaya can be used as gelling agent in place of agar.

Performance Assessment and Optimization of Vertical Nanowire TFET for Biosensor Application

Parveen Kumar,Balwinder Raj 한국전기전자재료학회 2022 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.23 No.6

This paper reports the performance assessment of vertical silicon nanowire TFET (V-siNWTFET) design for biosensor applications using dielectric-modulation and gate underlap technique. The sensitivity of the V-siNWTFET is recognizing by immobilizing the different biological molecules such as lipids, biotin, uricase, protein, Gox, streptavidin, uriease, zein etc. in the cavity region which is created under the gate electrode and source oxide. The performance analysis is observed by varying the relative permittivity of the different biomolecules and analyzes the parametric variation both for neutral and charged biomolecules. The sensitivity of the biosensor has been detecting in the terms of drain current (I D), threshold voltage (V TH), subthreshold slope (SS), transconductance (g m), and I ON /I OFF ratio. The proposed device structure has capable to reduce the leakage currents and high sensitivity biosensor design in the nanoscale regimes. The obtained best optimum parameters of the proposed devices are I ON (1.37E-08 A/μm), I OFF (9.44E-19 A/μm), SS (29.97 mV/dec) and I ON /I OFF (4.29E + 10) ratio with gate work-function (ϕ gate = 4.8 eV) and uniformly doped (1 × 10 -19 cm -3 ) silicon nanowire at drain to source voltage (V DS = 1.0 V). The higher sensitivity of the proposed V-siNWTFET for Biosensor is observed for Zein biomolecules (K = 5).

Comparative Study of Single and Double Gate All Around Cylindrical FET Structures for High-K Dielectric Materials

Rajveer Kaur,Balwinder Singh 한국전기전자재료학회 2021 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.22 No.4

The performance of conventional MOSFET deteriorates because of the short channel effects that appears when it is scaled into nm regime. The existing techniques like channel scaling, variations in the work function implemented on a MOSFET could no longer confront these limitations which demand for the necessity of some upgraded devices and materials that would overcome these shortcomings and offer ameliorate performance. Two experimentally based devices gate all around (GAA) FET and double gate all around (DGAA) FET are modeled and compared at 10 nm and 20 nm respectively In this paper, the effect of scaling the gate length, oxide thickness and variations in the drain to source voltage utilizing two different gate dielectrics for a single and double GAA cylindrical FET on their respective device performance in terms of drive current (I ON ), leakage current (I OFF ), switching speed (I ON /I OFF ) and subthreshold swing. The study reveals that with a thinner gate oxide, less gate length, less drain to source voltage and with an additional core gate utilizing high-k dielectric materials, the device achieves a better subthreshold slope, higher value of ON-state current, larger ON/OFF current ratio, lesser OFF-state current and lesser power consumption.

CNTFET Based Ternary 1-Trit & 2-Trit Comparators for Low Power High-Performance Applications

Suman Rani,Balwinder Singh,Rekha Devi 한국전기전자재료학회 2021 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.22 No.6

1-Trit and 2-Trit Ternary comparator circuits using Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) as well as Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor (CNTFET) is proposed and investigated for Low Power High-performance applications. The design and simulation are investigated and authenticated using Hailey Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit (HSPICE) with Predictive technology model (PTM) low power 32 nm metal gate/High-K/Strained-Si Model for CMOS and 32 nm Stanford Model for CNTFET. The CNTFET based design is compared with the CMOS design in terms of signifi cant design aspects, specifically delay, Average Power consumption and Power delay product (PDP). A comparison is performed among CMOS and CNTFET based ternary comparator circuits which reveals that CNTFETs can lead to more efficient ternary circuits. In terms of delay and power consumption, the CNTFET based 1-Trit Ternary Comparator performs better than the CMOS based 1-Trit Ternary Comparator as the delay and Average power consumption are reduced by 89.7% and 57.3% in CNTFET type as compared to the CMOS based 1-Trit Ternary Comparator design. Similarly, in the case of the 2-Trit comparator, the CNTFET based design performs better than the CMOS-based design as the delay and Average power consumption are reduced by 88.7% and 42% in the CNTFET type.

Design of Digital FIR Filter Using Hybrid SIMBO-GA Technique

Parampal Singh,Balwinder Singh Dhaliwal 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.8 No.11

The hybrid technique of Swine Influenza Model Based Optimization (SIMBO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) for designing linear phase FIR low pass filter has been presented in this paper. The major difficulties using SIMBO algorithm in designing filter was premature convergence and unacceptable computational cost. To address this problem, a hybrid SIMBO-GA is proposed where GA is used to help SIMBO escape from local optima and prevent premature convergence. DEPSO, GLPSO DVN are adopted for comparison. In contrast with aforementioned algorithms it has been divulged that hybrid SIMBO-GA seems to be promising tool for optimum FIR filter design.