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The Spectrum of Teaching Styles from a Cognitive Perspective
( Sara Ashworth ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1
Purpose: This presentation is based on an empirical study designed to offer both a theoretical understanding and a practical application of Mosston’s Spectrum of Teaching Styles with emphasis on its universal structure and its cognitive network. Recently there has been an intense global emphasis on creativity by corporations, business, and education and this singular focus has resulted in cultural biases that value teaching for creativity versus an understanding, even an appreciation, of other teaching approaches that trigger different thinking processes and human attributes. An explanation of the three thinking processes--memory, discovery, and creativity--will be presented. The theoretical base for this study is Mosston and Ashworth’s Spectrum of Teaching Styles, which is a comprehensive approach to teaching and learning that has been continuously researched for 50 years. This theory links the various factors in teaching into a unifying framework. This study links cognition- its structure, options, diversity, implementation, and implications- to specific teaching approaches. Reinforcing the possibilities in thinking is what teachers are professionally asked to do but without a framework this task can be daunting. The focal points: The links between the General Flow of Conscious Thinking, the three thinking processes, and individual cognitive operations are presented. Different teaching styles reinforce different thinking capacities in each process. Different discovery teaching styles are presented and new understandings about a link between creativity and memory are identified. Additionally, new developments are raised about the influence of creativity to the Spectrum’s Developmental Channels. Findings: Several finding were revealed. First and most simply stated, creativity can be encouraged and fostered. Second, the current lure of creativity is addicting. Therefore, attention needs to be given to the global emphasis placed on creativity so that it does not narrow our view of other thinking processes which are equally important for individuals and society. A rather surprising notion about creativity resulted from this theoretical investigation: it was found that creativity, which is defined as an unexpected response, a deviation from the norm, a novel or unique thought or idea, is not anchored in any one specific set of cognitive operations, like the other two thinking processes. Rather, creativity is a subjective expression of uniqueness that can be expressed in any cognitive operation. This unique viewpoint means that creativity is not reserved for the select few but rather for any thinking individual who has the cognitive capacity and the emotional security to risk producing ideas that are beyond the known, beyond the expected and beyond predictable responses.
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Panagiotis Tsakiroglou,James Weber,Sharon Ashworth,Cristian Del Bo,Dorothy Klimis-Zacas 한국식품영양과학회 2021 Journal of medicinal food Vol.24 No.3
Wild blueberries rank very high in anthocyanins (ACNs) and phenolic acids (PA) among other berries. Previous work from our group has documented their beneficial effects. In this study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used, and ACNs, PAs, and their combination (ACNs:PAs) at concentrations of 0.002, 8, 15, 60, and 120 μg/mL were tested for endothelial tube formation. Treatment with ACNs decreased, while treatment with PAs and ACNs:PAs increased overall endothelial cell tube formation compared to control. Endothelial cells exposed to ACNs downregulated gene expression of AKT1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), while PAs upregulated AKT1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression. Combination of ACNs:PAs decreased gene expression of AKT1 and eNOS, while protein levels of AKT1 increased. In summary, based on the type of wild blueberry extract, angiogenesis is differentially modulated and is concentration dependent. Further experiments will delineate the mechanism(s) of the differential action of the aforementioned extracts on angiogenesis.
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Missense Variants in ATM in 26,101 Breast Cancer Cases and 29,842 Controls.
Fletcher, Olivia,Johnson, Nichola,Dos Santos Silva, Isabel,Orr, Nick,Ashworth, Alan,Nevanlinna, Heli,Heikkinen, Tuomas,Aittomä,ki, Kristiina,Blomqvist, Carl,Burwinkel, Barbara,Bartram, Claus R,Mei American Association for Cancer Research 2010 Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention Vol.19 No.9
<P>BACKGROUND: Truncating mutations in ATM have been shown to increase the risk of breast cancer but the effect of missense variants remains contentious. METHODS: We have genotyped five polymorphic (minor allele frequency, 0.9-2.6%) missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in ATM (S49C, S707P, F858L, P1054R, and L1420F) in 26,101 breast cancer cases and 29,842 controls from 23 studies in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. RESULTS: Combining the data from all five SNPs, the odds ratio (OR) was 1.05 for being a heterozygote for any of the SNPs and 1.51 for being a rare homozygote for any of the SNPs with an overall trend OR of 1.06 (P(trend) = 0.04). The trend OR among bilateral and familial cases was 1.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.23; P(trend) = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this large combined analysis, these five missense ATM SNPs were associated with a small increased risk of breast cancer, explaining an estimated 0.03% of the excess familial risk of breast cancer. Impact: Testing the combined effects of rare missense variants in known breast cancer genes in large collaborative studies should clarify their overall contribution to breast cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(9); 2143-51. ©2010 AACR.</P>
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Miura, Kenji,Jin, Jing Bo,Lee, Jiyoung,Yoo, Chan Yul,Stirm, Vicki,Miura, Tomoko,Ashworth, Edward N,Bressan, Ray A,Yun, Dae-Jin,Hasegawa, Paul M Americ 2007 The Plant cell Vol.19 No.4
<P>SIZ1 is a SUMO E3 ligase that facilitates conjugation of SUMO to protein substrates. siz1-2 and siz1-3 T-DNA insertion alleles that caused freezing and chilling sensitivities were complemented genetically by expressing SIZ1, indicating that the SIZ1 is a controller of low temperature adaptation in plants. Cold-induced expression of CBF/DREB1, particularly of CBF3/DREB1A, and of the regulon genes was repressed by siz1. siz1 did not affect expression of ICE1, which encodes a MYC transcription factor that is a controller of CBF3/DREB1A. A K393R substitution in ICE1 [ICE1(K393R)] blocked SIZ1-mediated sumoylation in vitro and in protoplasts identifying the K393 residue as the principal site of SUMO conjugation. SIZ1-dependent sumoylation of ICE1 in protoplasts was moderately induced by cold. Sumoylation of recombinant ICE1 reduced polyubiquitination of the protein in vitro. ICE1(K393R) expression in wild-type plants repressed cold-induced CBF3/DREB1A expression and increased freezing sensitivity. Furthermore, expression of ICE1(K393R) induced transcript accumulation of MYB15, which encodes a MYB transcription factor that is a negative regulator of CBF/DREB1. SIZ1-dependent sumoylation of ICE1 may activate and/or stabilize the protein, facilitating expression of CBF3/DREB1A and repression of MYB15, leading to low temperature tolerance.</P>
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