Increasing Efficiency for Energy Sustainability and Reduced Environmental Footprint

( Ashwani K Gupta ) 경남대학교 신소재연구소 2013 신소재연구 Vol.25 No.-

Increasing efficiency offers near term solution for energy sustainability and reduced environmental foot print. In power generation more than 60% of the energy is wasted so that only about 35 (characteristic) to 50% (high end) of the energy is used for chemical to electrical energy conversion. For given energy demand increase in energy conversion efficiency offers less energy use, reduced amounts of total pollutants including CO2 and increased energy sustainability. In this paper clean energy production form various kinds of fuels for sustainable energy production will be provided. Our ongoing efforts at the University of Maryland on various kinds of fuels (fossil, alternative and biomass and wastes) has allowed us to determine novel means for clean energy conversion at higher efficiency with minimal environmental footprint. It is now well understood that carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that provides direct contributions to global warming of our plant. Although there are other contributors to global warming but the share of CO2 is significant. Most of the CO2 is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and our use of fossil fuels has been increasing due to increased activity and population. The carbon during the combustion process is converted to CO2 with the subsequent release of thermal energy. In the USA most of the electricity is produced from fossil fuels, with coal being the highest. The demand for electricity continues to grow in the developed countries with significant more in some of the developing countries, such as China and India. This has resulted in dramatic increase in global ambient concentrations of CO2. Significant efforts are being pursued to curtail the emission of CO2 or capture and store it in order to maintain the ambient concentrations to some acceptable levels. The contributions to the CO2 emissions by fuel type in 2006 were 19.4% gas, 38.5% oil, and 41.7% coal. China is now the dominant emitter of CO2, having caught up with the USA in 2006 (5697 Mt for USA and 5606 MT for China), with the two countries accounting for 40.3% of the global emissions. Various goals have been proposed for the reduction guided by the desire to stabilize global CO2 concentrations at levels that would constrain the global temperature rise above pre-industrial levels to 2 degrees C. Temperature rise above this level from the climate change are projected to be severe. Clean energy harvesting from various kinds solid fuels including low grade fuels is a challenge as direct combustion of such fuels provide rather high and unacceptable levels of pollutants emission including smoke and particulates and the conversion efficiency to electric power is low. In addition all solid fuels results in fouling and deposition of the combustion chamber and heat exchange equipment resulting in decreased efficiency and performance. The health hazardous trace components and large amounts of char and tar produced results in low energy recovery efficiency. In an effort to develop clean and efficient combined heat and power system one must reform the solid fuel fuels to clean chemical energy at high efficiency. Advanced high temperature steam assisted gasification technology offers reforming of solid fuels (coal and wastes) to clean syngas fuel. In traditional gasification systems the solid fuel material is partly combusted with air under starved combustion conditions so that much of the carbon in the fuel is converted to carbon monoxide in the syngas. This process results in large amounts of char and tar and must be removed prior to the use of syngas in combustors and engines. In addition the process results in large amounts of nitrogen in the syngas so that the heating value of the syngas produced is rather low. The advanced gasification process provides enhanced reformation of solid fuel to syngas using ultra high temperature steam so that the solid biomass fuel is not combusted but rather converted to syngas with the simultaneous alleviation of nitrogen gas from the syngas. Furthermore the syngas produced is of high hydrogen content and minimum char and tar. Biomass and agricultural wastes offer much potential for its use to energy. The CO2 helps to grow biomass so that its grater use assists in both the CO2 problem and renewable energy utilization. Gasification of solid fuels is a good solution for not only the energy problem that also offers environmentally benign solution at high efficiency. In this presentation the production of clean fuels and electric power generation with specific role of renewable energy will be presented. Examples of advanced power generation will be provided that are focused on clean and efficient energy conversion with focus on efficiency and pollutants emission including CO2.

Trends in Global Energy Use and Pinnacle Role of High Temperature Air Combustion (HiTAC)

( Ashwani K Gupta ) 경남대학교 신소재연구소 2012 신소재연구 Vol.24 No.-

The use of energy in both developing countries and developed countries continue to rise. Furthermore with the population increase and known reserves of fossil fuel resources worldwide, it is imperative that one must take strong strides for sustainable energy so that future generations can see the same or improved quality of life through efficient and cleaner use of energy. The energy use in different parts of the world varies significantly with the USA having 4.6% of the world population used about 22% of the world energy while India represented 17% of the world population and used only 5% of world energy in 2006. The use of energy is of paramount for increased GDP. The power plant efficiency can vary significantly (25 to 50%) so that much of the energy is lost in the conversion process. Improvements in energy efficiency offer significant savings in other resources. High temperature air combustion technology (HiTAC) offers significant benefits on energy savings while providing simultaneous benefits on pollution reduction, uniform thermal field in the combustion zone, low noise and improved quality of product from the process. Gains in energy efficiency from HiTAC offer significant benefits in industrial processes that are now implemented in many industrial furnaces worldwide. HiTAC has also been deployed for fuel reforming, hydrogen rich syngas production and volume distributed gas turbine combustion that show no flame color or environmentally benign green flame color instead of the more commonly observed hybrid color flame under gas turbine combustion conditions.

Spectroscopic Examination and Analysis of Unconfined Swirling Flames

Ashwani Gupta,Sean Archer,Kuniyuki Kitagawa 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.49 No.1

Spectroscopic techniques have been used to examine the dynamic behavior of unconfined swirling flows and flames under fuel-lean combustion conditions. Specific spectroscopic diagnostics used include 3-D stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) for the flow field, optical emission spectroscopy for CH, OH and C2 chemiluminescence, and infrared thermometry for the temperature. The effect of the radial distribution of the combustion air swirl is examined under burning and non-burning conditions in an experimental double concentric swirl burner that simulates one swirl cup of a practical gas turbine combustor using propane as the fuel. Results show the roles of the co- and the counter-swirl distributions in a burner on the flow structure, both with and without combustion. Both the swirl distribution and combustion significantly influence the flow field, as well as the spatial distributions of CH, OH, C2, and the thermal field in flames. Combustion causes a significant increase in the velocity magnitudes and in the entrained mass flow rate for the co-swirl distribution.0

Graft tunnel integration occurs early in the tibial tunnel compared with the femoral tunnel after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with preserved insertion hamstring tendon graft

( Ravi Gupta ),( Sandeep Singh ),( Anil Kapoor ),( Ashwani Soni ),( Ravinder Kaur ),( Narinder Kaur ) 대한슬관절학회 2021 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.33 No.-

Background: Preservation of hamstring tendon insertion at the time of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a well-known technique; however, its effect on graft integration is not well studied. The present study was conducted to study the graft integration inside the tibial and femoral tunnels, respectively, after ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon graft with preserved insertion. Methods: Twenty-five professional athletes who underwent ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon graft with preserved tibia insertion were enrolled in the study. Functional outcomes were checked at final follow-up using Lysholm score and Tegner activity scale. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done at 8 months and 14 months follow-up to study the graft tunnel integration of the ACL graft at both tibial and femoral tunnels. Results: The mean Fibrous interzone (FI) score (tibial tunnel) decreased from 2.61 (1-5) at 8 months to 2.04 (1-4) at 14 months follow-up (p = 0.02). The mean FI score (femoral side) decreased from 3.04 (2-5) at 8 months to 2.57 (2-4) at 14 months (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Graft integration occurs early in the tibial tunnel as compared with the femur tunnel with preserved insertion hamstring tendon autograft. Trial registration CTRI/2019/07/020320 [registered on 22/07/2019]; http:// www. ctri. nic. in/ Clini caltr ials/ pdf_ gener ate. php? trial id= 33884 & EncHid= & modid= & compi d=% 27,% 27338 84det% 27

Bipartite clavicular attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle: a case report

Vandana Mehta,Jyoti Arora,Ashwani Kumar,Ashish Kumar Nayar,Hitendra Kumar Ioh,Vanita Gupta,Rajesh Kuamr Suri,Gayatri Rath 대한해부학회 2012 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.45 No.1

Morphological variations of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle assume relevance during attempted surgical interventions in the cervical region. The present study reports bipartite clavicular attachment of the SCM in the neck of an adult male cadaver during performance of a routine anatomy demonstration. The anomaly was unilaterally observed on the left side of the neck. The clavicular head of the muscle exhibited two bellies, one medial and one lateral. While the medial belly was fused with the sternal head, the lateral belly appeared to blend with the medial. Cranially, the SCM attached to the mastoid process and superior nuchal line. We have attempted to elucidate the embryological basis of the above muscular variant. Additionally, we discuss its clinical relevance, highlighting the utility of the SCM in various reconstructive procedures. We assert that detailed anatomical knowledge of such SCM variants is of utility not only to the gross anatomist, but also for neck and orthopaedic surgeons and anaesthetists. Moreover, radiologists require familiarity with such aberrations to decipher magnetic resonance imaging scans of the cervical region.

VISUALIZATION OF LISSAJOUS FIGURE TO ANALYZE OSCILLATIONS

So Min Sung,Ashwani K. Gupta 국제과학영재학회 2012 APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol.4 No.-

It is impossible to find the object which is not vibrates. From the oscillation of molecules to periodic vibrating object, our world is filled with large and tiny oscillation. Therefore, it is important to operate and analyze the oscillation. Oscilloscope is a typical instrument for analyzing oscillation, however, it is essential for all oscillation to go through the change to the electromagnetic wave. The aim is to analyze the visible vibrating plate without oscillator however, this instrument is troublesome to use conveniently in our lives, because it is essential for all oscillation to go through the change to the electromagnetic wave. We made the measurement instrument for analyzing the oscillation easily. At this time we connected the idea of Lissajous figure. By this new instrument, we also visualize the occurrence principal of Lissajous figure, and furthermore we could analyze the vibrating phase.

Gallbladder perforation

Gopalakrishnan Gunasekaran,Debasis Naik,Ashwani Gupta,Vimal Bhandari,Manigandan Kuppusamy,Gaind Kumar,Niuto S Chishi 한국간담췌외과학회 2015 한국간담췌외과학회지 Vol.19 No.1

Backgrounds/Aims: Gallbladder perforation is a rare but potentially fatal disease. We herein present our clinical experience in diagnosis and management of 32 cases of gallbladder perforation. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted with inclusion of all cases of gallbladder perforation that presented to our hospital from January 2012 to November 2014. Cases of traumatic gallbladder perforation and patients younger than 12 years of age were excluded from this study. Results: This study included 32 patients (13 males and 19 females). The mean age of patients was 55.9 years. Gallbladder perforation was most common in the 5th and 6th decade of life. The mean age of patients with type I, II, and III gallbladder perforation was 57.0 years, 57.6 years, and 49.8 years, respectively. The most common site of perforation was the fundus, followed by the body and Hartmann’s pouch (24 : 5 : 2). Most of the type I gallbladder perforations were diagnosed intraoperatively, type II gallbladder perforations were diagnosed by enhanced abdominal computed tomography, and type III gallbladder perforations were diagnosed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy converted to open cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis. Mortality was highest in patients with type I gallbladder perforation. The mean hospital stay was 10.1 days, 6.4 days, and 9.2 days in patients with type I, II, and III gallbladder perforation, respectively. The histopathologic analysis in 28 patients who were operated on showed acute cholecystitis in 19 cases, acute-on-chronic cholecystitis in 4 cases, chronic cholecystitis in 4 cases, and mucinous adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder in a single case. Conclusions: Gallbladder perforation represents a special diagnostic and surgical challenge. Appropriate classification and management are essential.

BROWN GAS INCINERATOR FOR WASTE DESTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION COMPLIANCE

Kho Boon Kie,Ashwani K. Gupta 국제과학영재학회 2012 APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol.4 No.-

All municipal wastes consists large amounts of water (as much as 60% by mass) which hinders the performance of waste incinerators. Excess water can easily be separated out from the municipal solid wastes using centrifuges. The waste water can be reformed to Brown gas (di-atomic and mon-atomic hydrogen and oxygen) using an electrolyzers. At the instant that the water splits, the hydrogen and oxygen are in their mon-atomic state (H and O). Brown gas in the form of hydrogen and oxygen production form waste water is useful from waste waters and all kinds of solid wastes. Dehydrated waste can be easily combusted in an incinerator. Waste is an unavoidable by-product of most human activity. Economic development and rising living standards, including the Asian and Pacific Region have led to increased quantity and complexity of generated waste, whilst industrial diversification and the provision of expanded health-care facilities have added substantial quantities of industrial hazardous waste and biomedical waste into the waste stream with potentially severe environmental and human health consequences. Technologies available remove the large and diverse amounts of wastes generated include incineration, ocean dumping, lagooning, sanitary landfill, direct combustion, pyrolysis, gasification and more. However, available information reveals that incineration.is widely used with reasonable good success to manage the large amounts of wastes generated from low moisture content wastes. Today most incinerators are stoker incinerator which produces dioxins in low temperatures regions of the incinerator as well as other criteria pollutants emission. . High temperature (1600C) zones in the incinerator assist in melting the glass and metal in the waste to mitigate dioxin formation and release of heavy metals in to the environment. Low energy density and high moisture content in the waste require the use of auxiliary fuel to maintain high temperatures in the incinerator. Separating out the water from waste and reforming water to Brown gas and burning low moisture solid wastes in incinerator helps environmental benign means of wastes management. In this paper, different technologies are described that form key elements of overall waste management system, including the brown gas production from the water collected from solid wastes that can be used in the incinerator to further increase the incinerator temperature.

ENVIRONMENTALLY CLEAN PROCESSING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES

Hoang Phung Ly,Tuan Anh Vu,Eunjin Ahn,Ashwani K. Gupta 국제과학영재학회 2011 APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol.3 No.-

Municipal solid waste is a very urgent issue with the non-stop increasing amount, including the aspect of treatment technology. This research is to give an overall assessment on current situation of municipal solid waste in the world, as well as an introduction of municipal solid waste incineration. Incineration technology, based on its advantages comparing with other ones, is becoming more and more popular in the world. Our calculated results show that the waste toxic treatment, the capacity, and the recovered energy are fully feasible. Its large capacity, clean treatment of toxic waste, and potential ability of reducing waste’s mass and volume prove that incineration is the optimum method of processing municipal solid waste in our near future.