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Structural evidence of <b>α</b>‐aminoacylated lipoproteins of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
Asanuma, Miwako,Kurokawa, Kenji,Ichikawa, Rie,Ryu, Kyoung‐,Hwa,Chae, Jun‐,Ho,Dohmae, Naoshi,Lee, Bok Luel,Nakayama, Hiroshi Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 FEBS JOURNAL Vol.278 No.5
<P>Bacterial lipoproteins are known to be diacylated or triacylated and activate mammalian immune cells via Toll‐like receptor 2/6 or 2/1 heterodimer. Because the genomes of low G+C content Gram‐positive bacteria, such as <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I>, do not contain <I>Escherichia coli</I>‐type apolipoprotein <I>N</I>‐acyltransferase, an enzyme converting diacylated lipoproteins into triacylated forms, it has been widely believed that native lipoproteins of <I>S. aureus</I> are diacylated. However, we recently demonstrated that one lipoprotein SitC purified from <I>S. aureus</I> RN4220 strain was triacylated. Almost simultaneously, another group reported that another lipoprotein SA2202 purified from <I>S. aureus</I> SA113 strain was diacylated. The determination of exact lipidated structures of <I>S. aureus</I> lipoproteins is thus crucial for elucidating the molecular basis of host–microorganism interactions. Toward this purpose, we intensively used MS‐based analyses. Here, we demonstrate that SitC lipoprotein of <I>S. aureus</I> RN4220 strain has two lipoprotein lipase‐labile <I>O</I>‐esterified fatty acids and one lipoprotein lipase‐resistant fatty acid. Further MS/MS analysis of the lipoprotein lipase digest revealed that the lipoprotein lipase‐resistant fatty acid was acylated to α‐amino group of the N‐terminal cysteine residue of SitC. Triacylated forms of SitC with various length fatty acids were also confirmed in cell lysate of the RN4220 and Triton X‐114 phase in three other <I>S. aureus</I> strains, including SA113 strain and one <I>Staphylococcus epidermidis</I> strain. Moreover, four other major lipoproteins including SA2202 in <I>S. aureus</I> strains were identified as <I>N</I>‐acylated. These results strongly suggest that lipoproteins of <I>S. aureus</I> are mainly in the <I>N</I>‐acylated triacyl form.</P>
Suzuki, Rikie,Hiyama, Tetsuya,Asanuma, Jun,Ohata, Tetsuo,Koike, Toshio 대한원격탐사학회 2001 International Symposium on Remote Sensing Vol.17 No.1
On 9 days from April to June, 2000, airborne observations of the land surface were carried out around Yakutsk in eastern Siberia. A video camera and spectrometer were installed in the aircraft, and the non-homogeneous land surface was observed frown 100 and 150m flight heights. From the video image, the land surface was classified by a visual interpretation, and derived the proportional area of land cover types in the area. It was revealed that the left bank terrace of Lena River has more birch forest area and less no-forest area than the right bank terrace. From the spectral reflectance measurement, it was revealed that the spectral characteristics in near-infrared and visible bands has a great potential to analyze the surface vegetation property by combining the video camera data.
Kim, Myoung Sun,Asanuma, Ichio 대한원격탐사학회 1998 International Symposium on Remote Sensing Vol.14 No.1
The purpose of this study is to describe the change of the spring bloom and oceanographic condition. The variation of pigment concentration derived from the satellite ocean color data has been analyzed. According to the movement of blooming area, blooming was very concerned with a rising trend of sea surface temperature and a supply of nutrients. A nutrient rich water carried by the Oyashio encounters with the warm Core ring, where mixings and blooms are observed. We examined the correlation by using the satellite observations of the temperature and chlorophyll-a for the spring seasons (May, June, July) of 1998 the off Sanriku area (38-43N, 141-150E). Using the SeaWiFS data, we process the data into the level-3, which contains the geophysical value of chlorophyll-a. And chlorophyll-a data is mapped for the water between I l0E and 160E, and 15N and 52N with a 0.08 * 0.05 degree grid for each image. And Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data is produced using the AVHRR onboard the NOAA. The SST is derived by the MCSST. Then, the data is mapped for the water as much as chl-a data. And these gridded image was made by detection of each water masses, which are Kuroshio Extension, the warm-core ring and the Oyashio Intrusion, etc., using those satellite images to determine short term change. Off Sanriku is a place where warm-water pool and the Oyashio are mixed. When warm streamer has intruded in cold water, the volume of phytoplankton increases at the tip of warm streamer. Warm water streamer was trigger of occurring blooming. And also, SeaWiFS images provided as much information for the studies of chlorophyll-a concentrations in the surface.
Soma Nobukazu,Utagawa Manabu,Seto Masahiro,Asanuma Hiroshi Korean Society of Earth and Exploration Geophysici 2004 지구물리와 물리탐사 Vol.7 No.1
We have examined the applicability of the triaxial drill-bit VSP method (TAD-VSP) to the geological survey of possible sites for a high-level radioactive waste disposal repository. The seismic energy generated by a drill bit is measured by a downhole multi-component detector, and the resulting signals are processed to image the geological structure deep underground. In order to apply the TAD-VSP method to civil-engineering-scale drilling, we have developed a small but highly sensitive and precise three-component downhole seismic measurement system, and recorded drill-bit signals at a granite quarry. We have successfully imaged discontinuities in the granite, possibly related to fractures, as highly reflective zones. The discontinuities imaged by the TAD-VSP method correlate well with the results of other borehole observations. In conclusion, the TAD-VSP method is usable in geological investigations for civil engineering because the equipment is compact and it is simple to acquire the drill-bit signal.
Kurokawa, Kenji,Lee, Hanna,Roh, Kyung-Baeg,Asanuma, Miwako,Kim, Young Sook,Nakayama, Hiroshi,Shiratsuchi, Akiko,Choi, Youngnim,Takeuchi, Osamu,Kang, Hee Jung,Dohmae, Naoshi,Nakanishi, Yoshinobu,Akira, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2009 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.284 No.13
<P>Some synthetic lipopeptides, in addition to native lipoproteins derived from both Gram-negative bacteria and mycoplasmas, are known to activate TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2). However, the native lipoproteins inherent to Gram-positive bacteria, which function as TLR2 ligands, have not been characterized. Here, we have purified a native lipoprotein to homogeneity from Staphylococcus aureus to study as a native TLR2 ligand. The purified 33-kDa lipoprotein was capable of stimulating TLR2 and was identified as a triacylated SitC lipoprotein, which belongs to a family of ATP binding cluster (ABC) transporter substrate-binding proteins. Analyses of the SitC-mediated production of cytokine using mouse peritoneal macrophages revealed that the SitC protein (3 nm) induced the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Moreover, analysis of knock-out mice showed that SitC required TLR2 and MyD88, but not TLR1 or TLR6, for the induction of cytokines. In addition to the S. aureus SitC lipoprotein, we purified two other native ABC transporter substrate-binding lipoproteins from Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus, which were both shown to stimulate TLR2. These results demonstrate that S. aureus SitC lipoprotein is triacylated and that the ABC transporter substrate-binding lipoproteins of Gram-positive bacteria function as native ligands for TLR2.</P>