ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION of INJECTION TIMING for AN ADVANCED COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE KIT

Kumar, Akshay,Kumar, Vasu,Gupta, Dhruv,Kumar, Naveen The Institute of Internet 2015 International journal of advanced smart convergenc Vol.4 No.1

Increasing air pollution levels and the global oil crisis has become a major hindrance in the growth of our automobile sector. Traditional Internal Combustion engines running on non-renewable fuels are proving to be the major culprit for the harmful effects on environment. With few modifications and also with assistance of few additional components current small SI engines can be modified into a pneumatic engine (commonly known as Compressed Air Engines) without much technical complications where the working fluid is compressed air. The working principle is very basic as adiabatic expansion of the compressed air takes place inside the cylinder pushing the piston downwards creating enough MEP to run the crank shaft at decent RPM. With the assistance of new research and development on pneumatic engines can explore the potential of pneumatic engines as a viable option over IC engines. The paper deals with analysis on RPM variation with corresponding compressed air injection at different crank angles from TDC keeping constant injection time period. Similarly RPM variation can also be observed at different injection pressures with similar injection angle variation. A setup employing a combination of magnetic switch (reed switch), magnets and solenoid valve is used in order to injection timing control. A conclusive data is obtained after detailed analysis of RPM variation that can be employed in newly modified pneumatic engines in order to enhance the running performance. With a number of benefits offered by pneumatic engine over IC engines such as no emissions, better efficiency, low running cost, light weight accompanied by optimized injection conditions can cause a significant development in pneumatic engines without any major alteration.

ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION of INJECTION TIMING for AN ADVANCED COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE KIT

Akshay Kumar,Vasu Kumar,Dhruv Gupta,Naveen Kumar 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2015 Journal of Advanced Smart Convergence Vol.4 No.1

Increasing air pollution levels and the global oil crisis has become a major hindrance in the growth of our automobile sector. Traditional Internal Combustion engines running on non-renewable fuels are proving to be the major culprit for the harmful effects on environment. With few modifications and also with assistance of few additional components current small SI engines can be modified into a pneumatic engine (commonly known as Compressed Air Engines) without much technical complications where the working fluid is compressed air. The working principle is very basic as adiabatic expansion of the compressed air takes place inside the cylinder pushing the piston downwards creating enough MEP to run the crank shaft at decent RPM. With the assistance of new research and development on pneumatic engines can explore the potential of pneumatic engines as a viable option over IC engines. The paper deals with analysis on RPM variation with corresponding compressed air injection at different crank angles from TDC keeping constant injection time period. Similarly RPM variation can also be observed at different injection pressures with similar injection angle variation. A setup employing a combination of magnetic switch (reed switch), magnets and solenoid valve is used in order to injection timing control. A conclusive data is obtained after detailed analysis of RPM variation that can be employed in newly modified pneumatic engines in order to enhance the running performance. With a number of benefits offered by pneumatic engine over IC engines such as no emissions, better efficiency, low running cost, light weight accompanied by optimized injection conditions can cause a significant development in pneumatic engines without any major alteration.

Real -Time ECG Signal Acquisition and Processing Using LabVIEW

( Akshay Kumar Sharma ),( Kyung Ki Kim ) 한국센서학회 2020 센서학회지 Vol.29 No.3

The incidences of cardiovascular diseases are rapidly increasing worldwide. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test to detect and monitor heart issues via electric signals in the heart. Presently, detecting heart disease in real time is not only possible but also easy using the myDAQ data acquisition device and LabVIEW. Hence, this paper proposes a system that can acquire ECG signals in real time, as well as detect heart abnormalities, and through light-emitting diodes (LEDs) it can simultaneously reveal whether a particular waveform is in range or otherwise. The main hardware components used in the system are the myDAQ device, Vernier adapter, and ECG sensor, which are connected to ECG monitoring electrodes for data acquisition from the human body, while further processing is accomplished using the LabVIEW software. In the Results section, the proposed system is compared with some other studies based on the features detected. This system is tested on 10 randomly selected people, and the results are presented in the Simulation Results section.

Investigating the structural magnetic and magnetocaloric properties in Ce-doped La1.4-xCexCa1.6Mn2O7 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) bilayer manganites

Akshay Kumar,Min Ji Shin,Ji Eun Lee,Bon Heun Koo 한국자기학회 2020 한국자기학회 학술연구발표회 논문개요집 Vol.30 No.2

Effect of high energy ball milling on the structure of iron - multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) composite

Kumar, Akshay,Pandel, U.,Banerjee, M.K. Techno-Press 2017 Advances in materials research Vol.6 No.3

High energy ball milling is employed to produce iron matrix- multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced composite. The damage caused to MWCNT due to harsh ball milling condition and its influence on interfacial bonding is studied. Different amount of MWCNT is used to find the optimal percentage of MWCNT for avoidance of the formation of chemical reaction product at the matrix - reinforcement interface. Effect of process control agent is assessed by the use of different materials for the purpose. It is observed that ethanol as a process control agent (PCA) causes degradation of MWCNT reinforcements after milling for two hours whereas solid stearic acid used as process control agent, allows satisfactory conservation of MWCNT structure. It is further noted that at a high MWCNT content (~ 2wt.%), high energy ball milling leads to reaction of iron and carbon and forms iron carbide (cementite) at the iron-MWCNT interface. At low percentage of MWCNT, dissolution of carbon in iron takes place and the amount of reinforcement in iron matrix composite becomes negligibly small. However, under the present ball milling condition (ball to metal ratio~ 6:1 and 200 rpm vial speed) iron-1wt.% MWCNT composite of good interfacial bonding can retain the tubular structure of reinforcing MWCNT.

Lightweight image classifier for CIFAR-10

( Akshay Kumar Sharma ),( Amrita Rana ),( Kyung Ki Kim ) 한국센서학회 2021 센서학회지 Vol.30 No.5

Image classification is one of the fundamental applications of computer vision. It enables a system to identify an object in an image. Recently, image classification applications have broadened their scope from computer applications to edge devices. The convolutional neural network (CNN) is the main class of deep learning neural networks that are widely used in computer tasks, and it delivers high accuracy. However, CNN algorithms use a large number of parameters and incur high computational costs, which hinder their implementation in edge hardware devices. To address this issue, this paper proposes a lightweight image classifier that provides good accuracy while using fewer parameters. The proposed image classifier diverts the input into three paths and utilizes different scales of receptive fields to extract more feature maps while using fewer parameters at the time of training. This results in the development of a model of small size. This model is tested on the CIFAR-10 dataset and achieves an accuracy of 90% using .26M parameters. This is better than the state-of-the-art models, and it can be implemented on edge devices.

Investigating the structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties in B-site Mo-doped La<SUB>1.4</SUB>Ca<SUB>1.6</SUB>Mn<SUB>2-x</SUB>Mo<SUB>x</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) bilayer manganites

Akshay Kumar,Kavita Kumari,Minji Shin,Seok Hwan Huh,Bon Heun Koo 한국자기학회 2021 한국자기학회 학술연구발표회 논문개요집 Vol.31 No.1

Magnetic refrigeration has attracted significant research interest because of having considerable advantages over the conventional gas compression refrigeration. Unlike the conventional gas compression refrigeration, the magnetic refrigeration is a green cooling technology which does not produce the harmful gases. In the present work, controlled substitution of molybdenum (Mo) in place of Manganese (Mn) was performed in La_1.4Ca_1.6Mn_2-xMo_xO₇ (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) to modify the magnetic and magnetocaloric behavior of the material. All samples were prepared through the conventional ceramic heating route. XRD profiles of the synthesized compounds revealed the tetragonal structure (I4/mmm) of bilayer Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) Phase. However, some MoO₃ oxide and/or unidentified peaks in x ≥ 0.2 doped samples emerged along with the R-P phase which suggest the dilution limit on B-Site doping for Mo. Temperature dependent magnetization measurements exhibit ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transitions above the respective transition temperature (TC) of individual compounds. The parent compound displayed second order magnetic phase transition, while the first order transition was observed in the Mo-doped compositions. The maximum change in magnetic entropy (∆S_M^max) values achieved for x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 samples are 2.98 J/kgK, 2.71 J/kgK, 2.64 J/kgK, 2.37 J/kgK respectively at 2.5 T applied field. Among the doped samples highest ∆S_M^max value was achieved for x = 0.1 sample. For the these compounds the relative cooling power (RCP) slightly increased to 102 J/kg for x = 0.1 sample compared to the parent compound 98 J/kg. RCP values decreased for high Mo-concentrations and reached a lowest value 68 J/kg for x = 0.3 sample. Sufficient structural analysis carried out here suggest that the tetragonal symmetry in the B-site doped bilayer manganites reduced to simple perovskite symmetry above the dilution limit (x ≥ 0.2) thereby rigorously affecting the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties.

Lightweight CNN based Meter Digit Recognition

( Akshay Kumar Sharma ),( Kyung Ki Kim ) 한국센서학회 2021 센서학회지 Vol.30 No.1

Image processing is one of the major techniques that are used for computer vision. Nowadays, researchers are using machine learning and deep learning for the aforementioned task. In recent years, digit recognition tasks, i.e., automatic meter recognition approach using electric or water meters, have been studied several times. However, two major issues arise when we talk about previous studies: first, the use of the deep learning technique, which includes a large number of parameters that increase the computational cost and consume more power; and second, recent studies are limited to the detection of digits and not storing or providing detected digits to a database or mobile applications. This paper proposes a system that can detect the digital number of meter readings using a lightweight deep neural network (DNN) for low power consumption and send those digits to an Android mobile application in real-time to store them and make life easy. The proposed lightweight DNN is computationally inexpensive and exhibits accuracy similar to those of conventional DNNs.

Evidence of a moderate refrigerant capacity in cation disordered Ruddlesden-Popper compounds A1.4Sr1.6Mn2O7 (A = La, Pr, Nd) probed with various figures of merit

Kumar Akshay,Vij Ankush,Huh Seok Hwan,Kim Jong-Woo,Sharma Mohit K.,Kumari Kavita,Yadav Naveen,Akram Fazli,구본흔 한국물리학회 2023 Current Applied Physics Vol.49 No.-

We investigated the influence of structural disorders on the magnetic and magnetocaloric (MC) properties upon A-site rare-earth substitution in A1.4Sr1.6Mn2O7 (A = La, Pr, Nd) Ruddlesden-Popper (R–P) compounds. The samples were produced through the solid-state method, and the structural analysis indicated formation of R–P phase with the Jahn-Teller distortion parameter varying from highest in La1.4Sr1.6Mn2O7 (LSMO) to Nd1.4Sr1.6Mn2O7 (NSMO) and followed by Pr1.4Sr1.6Mn2O7 (PSMO). Hence, the magnetization value was increased in LSMO sample implying an enhanced interbilayer and interlayer spin correlations. It resulted in a high value of MC parameters like temperature average entropy change (TEC) and relative cooling power (RCP) of 4.21 J/kgK and 87 J/kg for LSMO, while lowest value of 0.53 J/kgK and 27 J/kg for PSMO respectively, at 2.5 T field. The room temperature MC response in PSMO, whereas a large TEC in LSMO and NSMO compounds advocate their candidacy in broad range of refrigeration applications.

Exploring the role of magnetic clusters in Ce and Cr-substituted La<SUB>1.2</SUB>Ce<SUB>0.2</SUB>Ca<SUB>1.6</SUB>Mn<SUB>1.9</SUB>Cr<SUB>0.1</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> Ruddlesden-Popper compound

Akshay Kumar,Kavita Kumari,Minji Shin,Seok Hwan Huh,Bon Heun Koo 한국자기학회 2021 한국자기학회 학술연구발표회 논문개요집 Vol.31 No.2

In this work, the Simultaneous doping on A and B sites were performed in La1.2Ce0.2Ca1.6Mn1.9Cr0.1O7 (LCCMCO) compound to analyze the influence of Cerium (Ce) and Chromium (Cr) on the structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties. The bulk ceramics were prepared through solid-state sintering method by sequentially monitoring the heating episodes. The samples crystallized in tetragonal symmetry of double layer Ruddlesden-Popper phase. Parent compound (La1.4Ca1.6Mn₂O7) acquired pure phase while the co-doped sample has a mixed cubic perovskite phase. The samples possess well-connected microstructure with clearly defined grain boundaries. secondary oxide phases appeared at the surface of LCCMCO. The temperature dependent magnetization revealed ferromagnetic state of the compounds, meanwhile multiple magnetic transitions were observed in LCCMCO, which were ascribed to the magnetic clusters and/or due to the involvement of secondary phase. The ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition temperature (Tc) was reduced from a value of 275 K for the parent compound to 235 K for LCCMCO. In general, Arrott plots disclosed second order phase transition for both samples, while the spin-clusters clearly revealed for LCMCO sample throughout the transition. The maximum magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) at 2.5 T was 3.02 J/kgK for LCMO and 2.48 for LCCMCO sample. The relative cooling power (RCP) enhanced from 98 J/kg to 109 J/kg at an applied field of 2.5 T respectively for parent and LCCMCO compound.