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Review : PPARγ Agonist Beyond Glucose Lowering Effect
( Akira Sugawara ),( Akira Uruno ),( Masataka Kudo ),( Ken Matsuda ),( Chul Woo Yang ),( Sadayoshi Ito ) 대한내과학회 2011 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.26 No.1
The nuclear hormone receptor PPARγ is activated by several agonists, including members of the thiazolidinedione group of insulin sensitizers. Pleiotropic beneficial effects of these agonists, independent of their blood glucose- lowering effects, have recently been demonstrated in the vasculature. PPARγ agonists have been shown to lower blood pressure in animals and humans, perhaps by suppressing the renin-angiotensin (Ang)-aldosterone system (RAAS), including the inhibition of Ang II type 1 receptor expression, Ang-II-mediated signaling pathways, and Ang-II-induced adrenal aldosterone synthesis/secretion. PPARγ agonists also inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis in animals and humans, possibly through a pathway involving the suppression of RAAS and the thromboxane A2 system, as well as the protection of endothelial function. Moreover, PPARγ-agonist-mediated renal protection, especially the reduction of albuminuria, has been observed in diabetic nephropathy, including animal models of the disease, and in non-diabetic renal dysfunction. The renal protective activities may reflect, at least in part, the ability of PPARγ agonists to lower blood pressure, protect endothelial function, and cause vasodilation of the glomerular efferent arterioles. Additionally, anti-neoplastic effects of PPARγ agonists have recently been described. Based on the multiple therapeutic actions of PPARγ agonists, they will no doubt lead to novel approaches in the treatment of lifestyle-related and other diseases. (Korean J Intern Med 2011;26:19-24)
Cacao bean husk: an applicable bedding material in dairy free-stall barns
Akira Yajima,Hisashi Owada,Suguru Kobayashi,Natsumi Komatsu,Kazuaki Takehara,Maria Ito,Kazuhide Matsuda,Kan Sato,Hisao Itabashi,Satoshi Sugimura,Shuhei Kanda 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.7
Objective: The objectives of the study were to assess the effect of cacao bean husk as bedding material in free-stall barn on the behavior, productivity, and udder health of dairy cattle, and on the ammonia concentrations in the barn. Methods: Four different stall surfaces (no bedding, cacao bean husk, sawdust, and chopped wheat straw) were each continuously tested for a period of 1 week to determine their effects on nine lactating Holstein cows housed in the free-stall barn with rubber matting. The lying time and the milk yield were measured between d 4 and d 7. Blood samples for plasma cortisol concentration and teat swabs for bacterial counts were obtained prior to morning milking on d 7. The time-averaged gas-phase ammonia concentrations in the barn were measured between d 2 and d 7. Results: The cows spent approximately 2 h more per day lying in the stalls when bedding was available than without bedding. The milk yield increased in the experimental periods when cows had access to bedding materials as compared to the period without bedding. The lying time was positively correlated with the milk yield. Bacterial counts on the teat ends recorded for cows housed on cacao bean husk were significantly lower than those recorded for cows housed without bedding. Ammonia concentration under cacao bean husk bedding decreased by 6%, 15%, and 21% as compared to no bedding, sawdust, and chopped wheat straw, respectively. The cortisol concentration was lowest in the period when cacao bean husk bedding was used. We observed a positive correlation between the ammonia concentrations in the barn and the plasma cortisol concentrations. Conclusion: Cacao bean husk is a potential alternative of conventional bedding material, such as sawdust or chopped wheat straw, with beneficial effects on udder health and ammonia concentrations in the barns.
Surgical Treatment for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Japan: Differences from Other Countries
Yasuhiro Ito,Akira Miyauchi 대한갑상선학회 2011 International Journal of Thyroidology Vol.4 No.2
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most representative carcinoma among thyroid malignancies. The treatment strategy, especially surgery, in Japan traditionally differs from that in other countries, including Korea. Total thyroidectomy has been less frequently adopted, but lymph node dissection has been more actively performed in Japan than in other countries. Based on our data, total thyroidectomy is not necessary for low-risk patients, while it is, of course, mandatory for patients with high-risk features. Prophylactic central node dissection may not prolong patients’ survival, but we routinely perform it because reoperation for recurrence to this compartment is troublesome. In the past, Japanese endocrine surgeons actively performed prophylactic lateral node dissection, but indications are narrowing. However, it may be better to perform prophylactic modified radical neck dissection for patients exhibiting certain characteristics to reduce the rate of lymph node recurrence. I hope that surgical strategies in Japan and other countries will fuse with each other in order to identify the best treatments for PTC patients throughout the world.
Kazaoka Akira,Kumagai Kazuyoshi,Matsushita Junya,Aida Tetsuo,Kuwahara Saki,Aoki Shigeki,Ito Kousei 한국독성학회 2024 Toxicological Research Vol.40 No.2
Several patients with cutaneous adverse drug reactions exhibit extracutaneous organ damages, and it becomes severe in a few patients resulting in death due to multiorgan failure. Understanding the sequential changes in various organs in patients with cutaneous eruption following drug administration will help understand disease onset and progression, aiding the development of prevention strategies and interventions. Therefore, we aimed to understand the effects of abacavir (ABC) on various organs in patients with ABC-induced eruptions by evaluating its effects in a mouse model. We found pathological changes in various organs of HLA-B*57:01 transgenic mice (B*57:01-Tg) following oral administration of ABC (20 mg/ body/day). B*57:01-Tg exhibited a significant body weight decrease from day 1 of ABC administration, and reddening of the auricle was observed from day 5, and approximately 2/3 mice died by day 7. Histopathological examination revealed severe thymic atrophy after day 3, infiltration of inflammatory cells, predominantly lymphocytes with neutrophils, not only in the skin but also in the liver, kidney, and lung after day 5, and an increased number of lymphocytes with enlarged nuclei and granulocytic hematopoiesis were observed in the spleen after day 5. Blood chemistry revealed that albumin/globulin ratio was below 1.0 on day 5, reflecting a systemic inflammatory response, and the aspartate aminotransferase concentration rose to 193 ± 93.0 U/L on day 7, suggesting that cell damage may have occurred in various organs including liver accompanying inflammatory cell infiltration. These examinations of a mouse model of ABC-induced skin eruption show that disorders in various organs other than the skin should be considered and provide insights into the unexpected early systemic responses dependent on HLA-B*57:01.
Teraoka, Hiroki,Ito, Shino,Ikeda, Haruki,Kubota, Akira,Abou Elmagd, M M,Kitazawa, Takio,Kim, Eun-Young,Iwata, Hisato,Endoh, Daiji American Chemical Society 2012 Environmental science & technology Vol.46 No.1
<P>To assess possible impacts of environmental pollutants on gene expression profiles in a variety of organisms, we developed a novel differential display system with primer sets that are common in seven vertebrate species, based on degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR (DOP-PCR). An 8-mer inverse repeat motif was found in most transcripts from the seven vertebrates including fish to primates with detailed transcriptome information; more than 10,000 motifs were recognized in common in the transcripts of the seven species. Among them, we selected 275 common motifs that cover about 40-70% of transcripts throughout these species, and designed 275 DOP-PCR primers that were common to seven vertebrate species (common DOP-PCR primers). To detect genes responsive to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in developing embryos, differential display with common DOP-PCR primers was applied to embryonic liver of two avian species, the chicken (Gallus gallus) and the common cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), which were exposed in ovo to TCDD. The cDNA bands that showed differences between the control and TCDD-treated groups were sequenced and the mRNA expression levels were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. This approach succeeded in isolating novel dioxin-responsive genes that include 10 coding genes in the chicken, and 1 coding gene and 1 unknown transcript in the cormorant, together with cytochrome P450 1As that have already been well established as dioxin markers. These results highlighted the usefulness of systematically designed novel differential display systems to search genes responsive to chemicals in vertebrates, including wild species, for which transcriptome information is not available.</P>