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Atmospheric Polycyclic and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Iron-manufacturing City
Hayakawa, Kazuichi,Tang, Ning,Morisaki, Hiroshi,Toriba, Akira,Akutagawa, Tomoko,Sakai, Shigekatsu Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2016 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.10 No.2
Total suspended particulates (TSP) in the atmosphere were collected for 2 weeks during winter in Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan, a typical iron-manufacturing city. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in TSP were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence and chemiluminescence detectors, respectively. No relationship was observed between the atmospheric PAH and NPAH concentration, or the atmospheric PAH and TSP concentration. However, there was a tendency that the atmospheric PAH concentration was higher when the wind blew from the coke-oven plant. Furthermore, the concentration ratios of 1-nitropyrene to pyrene, which is a suitable indicator of the contribution made by automobiles and coal combustion systems to urban air particulates, were smaller in Muroran and the values were close to those observed in particulates from coal combustion systems. Therefore, these results show that the PAH and NPAH compositions for Muroran are characteristic of an iron-manufacturing city.
Hayakawa, Kazuichi,Tang, Ning,Kameda, Takayuki,Toriba, Akira Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2007 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.1 No.1
Hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are mainly originated from imperfect combustion of fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal. The consumptions of not only petroleum but also coal have been increasing in the East Asian countries. This review describes the result of international collaboration research concerning characteristics and major contributors of atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs in cities in Japan, Korea, China and Russia. We collected airborne particulates in ten cities in the above countries and six PAHs and eleven NPAHs were determined by HPLC methods using fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections. The total PAH concentrations were much higher in Chinese cities (Fushun, Tieling, Shenyang and Beijing) than those in other cities (Vladivostok, Busan, Kanazawa, Kitakyushu, Sapporo and Tokyo). The total NPAH concentrations were also higher in Chinese cities than those in the other cities. The [NPAH]/[corresponding PAH] ratios are much larger in diesel-engine exhaust particulates than those in coal-burning particulates. The [1-nitropyrene]/[pyrene] ratio of airborne particulates was much smaller in the four Chinese cities, suggesting that coal combustion systems such as coal heaters were the main contributors. On the other hand, the ratios were larger in Korean and Japanese cities, suggesting the large contribution of diesel-engine vehicles.
Hayakawa, Kazuichi,Tang, Ning,Sato, Kosuke,Izaki, Akihiko,Tatematsu, Michiya,Hama, Hirotaka,Li, Ying,Kameda, Takayuki,Toriba, Akira Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.3
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP), 2-NP and 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFR) are useful markers for studying the atmospheric behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs). However, present methods for measuring trace levels of these compounds are lesssensitive and laborious. Here we describe several improvements to a previously reported high-performance liquid chromatography-chemiluminescence detection system that allows it to determine trace levels of 1-, 2-NPs and 2-NFR. The proposed system was equipped with a reducer column packed with Pt/Rh instead of zinc whose life-time was limited. The combination of Cosmosil MS-II (monomeric ODS) and AR-II (polymeric ODS) columns was used instead of polymeric ODS columns as the separator column to improve the separation. An ethanol mixture with acetate buffer (pH 5.5) was used in place of an acetonitrile mixture with the same buffer to activate the reducer column. The same ethanol mixture was used as the mobile phase for the clean-up column. The switching time of the column switching valve was optimized to concentrate the amino-derivatives of above NPAHs quantitatively on the concentrator column. The concentrations of bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenly) oxalate and hydrogen peroxide in the chemiluminescence reagent solution were optimized to 0.4 mM and 30 mM, respectively, to increase the sensitivity. Under the above conditions, the detection limits (S/N=3) of 1-, 2-NPs and 2-NFR were 1 fmol (0.25 pg), 10 fmol (2.5 pg) and 4 fmol (1 pg), respectively. The proposed system was effectively used to determine trace levels of 1-, 2-NPs and 2-NFR in airborne particulates collected at Noto Peninsula. The atmospheric concentrations of 1-, 2-NPs and 2-NFR were not more than sub pg $m^{-3}$ levels. They were higher in winter (January) than in summer (July). In both seasons, the concentrations were in decreasing order, [2-NFR]>[1-NP]>[2-NP].
Yoshinori Hayakawa,Zhongrui Duan,Miki Yadake,Yasuyo Yamaoka,Rie Inatsugi,Yuki Fujiki,Akira Oikawa,Kazuki Saito,Ikuo Nishida 한국식물학회 2015 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.58 No.3
The apetala3 (ap3)-like homeotic mutation (ap3-HM) is recognized among pD991-AP3-derived Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA-tagged lines carrying the -448 to +47 region of AP3 in their T-DNA. In the corresponding mutant lines for CTP:phosphorylcholine cytidylyltransferase genes, cct1-1 and cct2 (Inatsugi et al. 2009), some flowers of cct1-1 (F4) and many flowers of cct1-1 cct2 (F3) showed ap3-HM, and all flowers of cct1-1 (F5) and cct1-1 cct2 (F4) became increasingly homeotic. In contrast, cct2 flowers were normal for all generations tested. These results demonstrated that ap3-HM is linked to the cct1-1 allele and is enhanced by the cct2 allele. The ap3-HM in cct mutants was inversely correlated with AP3 transcript levels in enriched flower buds. Bisulfite sequencing revealed severe methylation within endogenous AP3 promoter regions in cct1-1 (F3; -317 to -2) and cct1-1 cct2 (F3; -473 to -2), but wild-type (Wassilevskaja) and cct2 plants showed no corresponding methylation. The ap3-HM in cct1-1 cct2 mutants was fully rescued by expressing a PISTILLATA promoter–AP3 construct, and was better alleviated in the F1 offspring of a cross with the CCT1-overexpressing mutant cct1-2 (Columbia) than with the wild type. We discuss possible links between expression of CCT and suppression of ap3-HM.
Atmospheric Polycyclic and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Iron-manufacturing City
Kazuichi Hayakawa,Ning Tang,Hiroshi Morisaki,Akira Toriba,Tomoko Akutagawa,Shigekatsu Sakai 한국대기환경학회 2016 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.10 No.2
Total suspended particulates (TSP) in the atmosphere were collected for 2 weeks during winter in Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan, a typical iron-manufacturing city. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in TSP were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence and chemiluminescence detectors, respectively. No relationship was observed between the atmospheric PAH and NPAH concentration, or the atmospheric PAH and TSP concentration. However, there was a tendency that the atmospheric PAH concentration was higher when the wind blew from the coke-oven plant. Furthermore, the concentration ratios of 1-nitropyrene to pyrene, which is a suitable indicator of the contribution made by automobiles and coal combustion systems to urban air particulates, were smaller in Muroran and the values were close to those observed in particulates from coal combustion systems. Therefore, these results show that the PAH and NPAH compositions for Muroran are characteristic of an iron-manufacturing city.
Kazuichi Hayakawa,Ning Tang,Akihiko Izaki,Michiya Tatematsu,Hirotaka Hama,Ying Li,Takayuki Kameda,Akira Toriba 한국대기환경학회 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.3
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP), 2-NP and 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFR) are useful markers for studying the atmospheric behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs). However, present methods for measuring trace levels of these compounds are lesssensitive and laborious. Here we describe several improvements to a previously reported high-performance liquid chromatography-chemiluminescence detection system that allows it to determine trace levels of 1-, 2-NPs and 2-NFR. The proposed system was equipped with a reducer column packed with Pt/Rh instead of zinc whose life-time was limited. The combination of Cosmosil MS-II (monomeric ODS)and AR-II (polymeric ODS) columns was used instead of polymeric ODS columns as the separator column to improve the separation. An ethanol mixture with acetate buffer (pH 5.5) was used in place of an acetonitrile mixture with the same buffer to activate the reducer column. The same ethanol mixture was used as the mobile phase for the clean-up column. The switching time of the column switching valve was optimized to concentrate the amino-derivatives of above NPAHs quantitatively on the concentrator column. The concentrations of bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenly)oxalate and hydrogen peroxide in the chemiluminescence reagent solution were optimized to 0.4 mM and 30 mM, respectively, to increase the sensitivity. Under the above conditions, the detection limits (S/N =3) of 1-, 2-NPs and 2-NFR were 1 fmol (0.25 pg),10 fmol (2.5 pg) and 4 fmol (1 pg), respectively. The proposed system was effectively used to determine trace levels of 1-, 2-NPs and 2-NFR in airborne particulates collected at Noto Peninsula. The atmospheric concentrations of 1-, 2-NPs and 2-NFR were not more than sub pg m^-3 levels. They were higher in winter (January) than in summer (July). In both seasons,the concentrations were in decreasing order,[2-NFR]>[1-NP]>[2-NP].