Large strain in Bi_0.5(Na_0.78K_0.22)_0.5TiO₃–Bi(Mg_0.5Ti_0.5)O₃ based composite ceramics under low driving field

Khaliq, Abdul,Sheeraz, Muhammad,Ullah, Aman,Lee, Jae Shin,Ahn, Chang Won,Kim, Ill Won Elsevier 2017 Sensors and actuators. A, Physical Vol.258 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The fabricated relaxor/ferroelectric composite showed relaxor and/or ferroelectric phase depending upon the weight content of added Bi<SUB>0.5</SUB>Na<SUB>0.5</SUB>TiO<SUB>3</SUB> (BNT) seeds. Bi<SUB>0.5</SUB>Na<SUB>4.5</SUB>Ti<SUB>4</SUB>O<SUB>15</SUB> large particles were processed as precursors and modified to BNT plate-like particles by means of a double molten salt method. The base material 0.96Bi<SUB>0.5</SUB>(Na<SUB>0.78</SUB>K<SUB>0.22</SUB>)<SUB>0.5</SUB>TiO<SUB>3</SUB>-0.04Bi(Mg<SUB>0.5</SUB>Ti<SUB>0.5</SUB>)O<SUB>3</SUB> (BNKT-0.04BMT) was synthesized by means of a solid state reaction technique. The 0-3 type composite of BNKT-0.04BMT powder and BNT seeds was chosen because of the compatibility between their perovskite structures. BNT perovskite seeds were added in 10, 15 and 20wt% proportions to the base BNKT-0.04BMT matrix powder. The highest content of added BNT seeds (20wt%) yielded BNKT-0.04BMT that showed ferroelectric behavior. A large electric field–induced normalized strain (S<SUB>max</SUB>/E<SUB>max</SUB> =560pm/V) was witnessed at the low driving field of 2.5kV/mm for the composition with 15wt% BNT seeds.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> BNT seeds were synthesized by molten salt method whereas the BNKT-BMT powder was produced using solid state reaction. </LI> <LI> The BNT seeds were used to fabricate 0–3 type particularized composites of inhomogeneous microstructures. </LI> <LI> It was observed that electric field-induced strain was greatly enhanced under low driving field. </LI> <LI> The relaxor to ferroelectric phase transition was discussed as a function of weight ratios of BNT seeds. </LI> </UL> </P>

Effect of Plant Factors, Sugar Contents, and Control Methods on the Top Borer (Scirpophaga nivella F.) Infestation in Selected Varieties of Sugarcane

KHALIQ, Abdul,Muhammad ASHFAQ,Waseem AKRAM,최종경,이종진 한국곤충학회 2005 Entomological Research Vol.35 No.3

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) varieties CP-43/33 and L-118 susceptible, BF-162 and SPSG-26 resistant while CP-72/2086 as intermediate were screened for studies on top borer, Scirpophaga nivella Fabricus (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). Morpho-physio chemical plant factors as well as quality of sugar were examined to elucidate the relationship between pest infestations.The observations on leaf thickness 0.735* and moisture contents 0.771* showed positive and significant correlation with the pest infestation at tillering stage. Total minerals, manganese and copper contents did not show significant correlation with the pest infestation, whereas nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium and ferrous contents manifested positive and significant correlation with the pest infestation. Phosphorous, carbohydrates, fats and zinc produced significant and adverse effect on the pest infestation at tillering stage. Zinc contents with contrasting behaviors appeared to be the most important character with co-efficient value of 0.764 followed by ferrous with positive sign. The effect of borer infestation was significantly negative on pol (sucrose), Brix contents (total soluble solids), and CCS (commercial cane sugar). The coefficient of determination value was 0.821, obtained by computing fiber content, pol, Brix and CCS factors together for multivariate regression models. Application of trash mulching at the time of sowing proved to be the most effective treatment with minimum infestation (3.91%) of borer and maximum protection level (62.87%) followed by Furadan., removal of dead hearts± spike thrust, hand collection of egg masses, and cutting of shoots at 15 days interval.

Ferroelectric seeds-induced phase evolution and large electrostrain under reduced poling field in bismuth-based composites

Khaliq, Abdul,Sheeraz, Muhammad,Ullah, Aman,Seog, Hae Jin,Ahn, Chang Won,Kim, Tae Heon,Cho, Shinuk,Kim, Ill Won Elsevier 2018 CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL Vol.44 No.11

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Bi<SUB>0.5</SUB>Na<SUB>0.5</SUB>TiO<SUB>3</SUB>-based piezoelectric ceramics have attracted great interest in actuator applications due to their high strain response; however, high driving field and large hysteresis of these materials are long-lasting obstacles for their commercial applications. Here, we use a strategy to overcome these hurdles by reducing poling field of the relaxor 0.96Bi<SUB>0.5</SUB>(Na<SUB>0.78</SUB>K<SUB>0.22</SUB>)<SUB>0.5</SUB>TiO<SUB>3</SUB>-0.04Bi(Mg<SUB>0.5</SUB>Ti<SUB>0.5</SUB>)O<SUB>3</SUB> (BNKT-0.04BMT) matrix introducing ferroelectric (BNT, BKT and BNKT) seeds (10, 15 and 20 wt%). The poling field decreases with increasing ferroelectric seeds accompanied by the transformation from ergodic relaxor to ferroelectric phase. Consequently, large normalized strains (d<SUP>*</SUP> <SUB>33</SUB> = S<SUB>max</SUB>/E<SUB>max</SUB> = 560, 469 and 450 pm/V) were recorded for BNT (15 wt%), BKT (10 wt%) and BNKT (15 wt%) seeded composites under a reduced driving field of 2.5 kV/mm. These findings indicate that ferroelectric seeds are more effective in reducing the field for strain activation which can be appropriate for actuator devices.</P>

Global behaviour and periodicities of some fractional recursive sequences

Abdul Khaliq,E. M. Elsayed 장전수학회 2017 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.20 No.3

In this paper, we obtain the expression and form of the solutions of the following recursive sequences xn+1 = xn−2xn−7 / xn−4(±1 ± xn−2xn−7) , n = 0, 1, ..., where the initial conditions x−7, x−6, x−5, x−4, x−3, x−2, x−1, x0 are arbitrary positive real numbers. We studied the equilibrium points of the given equation. Some qualitative properties such as the global stability, and the periodic character of the solutions in each case have been studied. We found expression and form of solution and presented some numerical examples by using random initial values in each case. Some figures have been given to explain the behavior of the obtained solutions by using MATLAB 6.5 to confirm the obtained results.

Irrigation Management in Spring Planted Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) sown with Different Planting Methods

Muhammad Shahid,Abdul Khaliq,Naveed Ahmad,Khawar Jabran,Mohsin Zafar,Muhammad Rafiq,Mubshar Hussain 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.1

This study was conducted to determine the influence of irrigation levels on spring planted sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) sown with different planting methods. Sunflower was sown either on 60 cm apart single rows on flat seed-bed or on ridges. Three irrigation treatments were I0 (irrigation at early vegetative stage, at bud visible stage, at anthesis and at achene development stage), I1 (irrigation at early vegetative stage, at bud visible stage and at achene development stage) and I2 (irrigation at early vegetative stage, at bud visible stage and at anthesis stage). In I1, irrigation was missing at anthesis and in I2 irrigation was missing at achene development stage. Sunflower yield and yield components showed positive response to ridge sown sunflower with normal four irrigations. Maximum achene yield 3.33 t ha-1 was recorded in ridge sown sunflower with four irrigations. Oil content percentage was highest in case of I0 (42.25%) while the effect of planting methods on oil content was insignificant.

Pollination biology of Callistemon viminalis (Sol. Ex Gaertn.) G. Don (Myrtaceae), Punjab, Pakistan

Abdul Latif,Naeem Iqbal,Muhammad Ejaz,Saeed Ahmad Malik,Allah Bakhsh Gulshan,Abid Mahmood Alvi,Khaliq Dad 한국응용곤충학회 2016 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.19 No.2

A research was conducted to find out the floral traits and pollinator's community of bottle brush (Callistemon viminalis: Myrtaceae). Total numbers of pollen grains, pollen grain viability, stigma receptivity, nectar volume and nectar concentration, numbers of ovules and pollen/ovule ratio were recorded. The pollinators' abundance, visitation rate and frequency were also observed. In field experiment, capsule weight, seed setting and seed numbers in open and caged flowers were also evaluated. The results revealed a total of 128,139 pollen grains/ flower. Among total pollen grains, viable pollen grains were 84.3% and non-viable were 15.69%. There were 275 ovules/flower and pollen ovule ratio was 472.50. Stigma receptivity was decreased with the age of the flowers and stigma remained receptive for about 6 days. The nectar volume and nectar concentration were 13 μL and 29%, respectively. The flowers were visited by nine Hymenopteran, four Lepidopteran, one Dipteran and one bird species. Among all pollinators, bees represented the most abundant species (1290) and showed the highest visitation rate (3.6–13.8 numbers of flowers/min) and visitation frequency (0.22–1.92 individuals/ branch/5 min). Open-pollinated flowers showed statistically higher capsule weight (0.0824 ± 0.001), seed setting (0.052 ± 0.0001) and seed numbers (242.4 ± 2.87) as compared to flowers in cages.

Synchronization of Coupled Different Chaotic FitzHugh-Nagumo Neurons with Unknown Parameters under Communication-Direction-Dependent Coupling

Iqbal, Muhammad,Rehan, Muhammad,Khaliq, Abdul,Rehman, Saeed-ur-,Hong, Keum-Shik Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2014 Computational and mathematical methods in medicine Vol.2014 No.-

<P>This paper investigates the chaotic behavior and synchronization of two different coupled chaotic FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) neurons with unknown parameters under external electrical stimulation (EES). The coupled FHN neurons of different parameters admit unidirectional and bidirectional gap junctions in the medium between them. Dynamical properties, such as the increase in synchronization error as a consequence of the deviation of neuronal parameters for unlike neurons, the effect of difference in coupling strengths caused by the unidirectional gap junctions, and the impact of large time-delay due to separation of neurons, are studied in exploring the behavior of the coupled system. A novel integral-based nonlinear adaptive control scheme, to cope with the infeasibility of the recovery variable, for synchronization of two coupled delayed chaotic FHN neurons of different and unknown parameters under uncertain EES is derived. Further, to guarantee robust synchronization of different neurons against disturbances, the proposed control methodology is modified to achieve the uniformly ultimately bounded synchronization. The parametric estimation errors can be reduced by selecting suitable control parameters. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is illustrated via numerical simulations.</P>

The Dynamics and Global Attractivity of a Rational Difference Equation

E. M. Elsayed,Abdul Khaliq 장전수학회 2016 Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics Vol.26 No.1

In this paper we study the behavior of the difference equation xn+1 = axnxn−2/bxn−2 + cxn−3, n = 0, 1, ..., where the initial conditions x−3, x−2, x−1, x0 are arbitrary positive real numbers and a, b, c, are positive constants. Also, we give the solution of some special cases of this equation. At the end we present some numerical examples to support our theoretical discussion

Genotypic Variability in Plant Water Status of French Bean under Drought Stress

Apurba Kanti Choudhury,Md. Abdul Karim,Md. Moynul Haque,Qazi Abdul Khaliq,Jalal Uddin Ahmed,Md. Mofazzal Hossain 한국작물학회 2011 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.14 No.1

Seven genotypes of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated under semi-controlled conditions at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh to analyze genotypic variability in leaf water status under water stress. The plants were grown under two moisture regimes, viz. 80% field capacity (FC) and 50% FC throughout the growing season. The genotypes showed significant variation in water relation traits. Genotypes BB24 and BB43 maintained higher relative water content (RWC), but lower turgid weight/dry weight ratio (TW/DW) and water uptake capacity (WUC). When drought susceptibility index (DSI) among the genotypes was considered, BB24 was found the most tolerant to drought and BB04 was the most susceptible one. A close positive relationship between leaf TW/DW and DSI under drought was recorded (R2 = 0.627). Leaf TW/DW was decreased considerably due to water stress by 10% in genotype BB24 followed by BB43 (13%), and both BARI bushbean-2 and BB04 (19%). Stomatal aperture and whole plant transpiration rate were found minimal in the BB24 and BB43 compared to that of BB04 and BARI bushbean-2. Considering these water relation traits, genotypes BB24 and BB43 may be considered as relatively tolerant to tissue dehydration. The study also revealed that the TW/DW, WUC, stomatal aperture, and whole plant transpiration rate was negatively and significantly associated with yield; however, the RWC was positively correlated with yield under water stress conditions.

Interactive Effect of Cobalt and Nitrogen on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Protein Content of Field Grown Pea

Fahmida Mir Akbar,Mohsin Zafar,Abdul Hamid,Maqsood Ahmed,Abdul Khaliq,Muhammad Riaz Khan,Zahid ur Rehman 한국원예학회 2013 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.54 No.6

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) has increasing nutritional, commercial, and economical value, and initial low supply of N and Co is needed to increase nodulation, yield, and profit. A field experiment in 2010 was conducted at the University of Poonch Rawalakot located in the hilly region of the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of fertilization of N and Co on growth, nodulation, seed yield, seed composition of, and uptake of N and Co by pea plant. Treatments included three levels of N (0, 30, and 60 kg N·ha-1 and represented as N0, N30, and N60, respectively) combined with three levels of Co (0, 10, and 20 g Co·ha-1and represented as Co0, Co10, and Co20, respectively), and the control represented as N0Co0. Results indicated that most of the morphological characteristics were increased with N60. The greatest shoot length, root length, and chlorophyll content were recorded in the N60Co20. The number of root nodules increased from 6 in the control to 19with fertilization of N and Co. Yield responses to N–Co fertilization occurred to all rates, and the highest yield,2536 kg·ha-1, was observed in the treatment N60Co10. Total N and Co uptake in the plant (shoot + root + seed)ranged between 16-147% and 3-331% over the control, while seed protein increased by 13–198% over the control by application of N and Co. This study demonstrates that N- and Co-deficient soils are likely to produce crops with low yields and seeds with low protein levels, and therefore, appropriate management of soil N and Co could be an effective approach to increase and sustain pea production in the small holding mountain ecosystems.