Morphological and Ginsenoside Differences among North American Ginseng Leaves

John T. A. Proctor,Alan J. Sullivan,Vasantha P. V. Rupasinghe,Chung-Ja C. Jackson 고려인삼학회 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.2

Leaf characteristics of mature 2, 3 and 4-year-old North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) leaves on fruiting and nonfruiting (NF) plants were studied. Leaflets of the 2-year-old plants had the lowest fresh and dry weight, area, volume and internal gas volume. Inflorescence removal in 3-year-old plants did not affect leaf characteristics or ginsenoside concentration but in 4-yearold plants it increased leaf fresh (38.6%) and dry (43.9%) weight, leaf area (29.1%), specific leaf mass (11.4%), leaf volume (43.1%), and leaf thickness (12.1%), and decreased leaf water content (6.2%). Cultivated ginseng, although an understorey plant, had the specific leaf mass, 35.6 g m?² (range, 36 to 39 g m?²) and a chlorophyll a/b ratio of 2.40 to 2.61, both suggesting the ability to perform like a sunny habitat plant. Also, specific leaf mass of 35.6 g m?² is similar to that reported for perennial plants, 36.8 g m?², rather than that for annuals, 30.9 g m?².

Morphological and Ginsenoside Differences among North American Ginseng Leaves

Proctor, John T.A.,Sullivan, Alan J.,Rupasinghe, Vasantha P.V.,Jackson, Chung-Ja C. The Korean Society of Ginseng 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.2

Leaf characteristics of mature 2, 3 and 4-year-old North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) leaves on fruiting and non-fruiting(NF) plants were studied. Leaflets of the 2-year-old plants had the lowest fresh and dry weight, area, volume and internal gas volume. Inflorescence removal in 3-year-old plants did not affect leaf characteristics or ginsenoside concentration but in 4-year-old plants it increased leaf fresh (38.6%) and dry (43.9%) weight, leaf area (29.1%), specific leaf mass (11.4%), leaf volume (43.1%), and leaf thickness (12.1%), and decreased leaf water content (6.2%). Cultivated ginseng, although an understorey plant, had the specific leaf mass, 35.6 g $m^{-2}$ (range, 36 to 39 g $m^{-2}$) and a chlorophyll a/b ratio of 2.40 to 2.61, both suggesting the ability to perform like a sunny habitat plant. Also, specific leaf mass of 35.6 g $m^{-2}$ is similar to that reported for perennial plants, 36.8 g $m^{-2}$, rather than that for annuals, 30.9 g $m^{-2}$.

Residual Impurity in MOCVD and CBE , GaAs and InP

Bose, S. S.,Jackson, S. L.,Curtis, A. P.,Stillman, G. E.,Lee, B. 대한전자공학회 1991 ICVC : International Conference on VLSI and CAD Vol.2 No.1

The residual acceptor and donor impurities in MOCVD and GSMBE InP is investigated using Hall-effect, photoluminescence, magneto-photoluminescence, and photothermal ionization spectroscopy. These samples have 77 K electron concentrations in the range of 5×10^(13) - 2.8×10^(15) cm^(-3) and 77 K mobilities in the range of 38,000 - 300,000 ㎠/V-s. The dominant residual acceptor impurity species in the MOCVD and GSMBE samples are Zn and an unidentified species labeled A1, respectively. C is not incorporated as a residual acceptor in InP grown by either of these techniques. Si and S are the dominant donor species detected in MOCVD InP. There is no indication of C donors in the layers that could be measured by either magneto photoluminescence or photothermal ionization spectroscopy.

A stepwise approach to robotic assisted excision of a cesarean scar pregnancy

Payam Katebi Kashi,Katherine L. Dengler,Eva K. Welch,Angela DiCarlo-Meacham,Araba A. Jackson,G. Scott Rose 대한산부인과학회 2021 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.64 No.3

ObjectiveTo develop a stepwise approach to robotic assisted excision of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) with metroplasty. MethodsThis illustrative video presentation demonstrating CSP, the criteria for ultrasound diagnosis, and a step-by-stepapproach for robotic assisted excision of CSP and multi-layer hysterotomy closure at a tertiary medical center. ResultsRobotic assisted resection is a safe and feasible method to treat cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies. Keyultrasonographic characteristics of CSP are highlighted to facilitate its diagnosis, thus allowing for early interventionwith a minimally invasive surgical treatment as necessary. Our patient was a 30-year-old gravida 2 para 1 womanwith a history of 1 prior-term low transverse cesarean delivery, who presented with vaginal bleeding in the firsttrimester and was ultimately diagnosed with CSP. After unsuccessful methotrexate therapy, the patient underwentan uncomplicated robotic assisted excision of her CSP and metroplasty in 2 layers using a stepwise approach: Step1-Creation of a bladder flap; Step 2-Isolation and excision of CSP; Step 3-Hysterotomy closure in 2 layers; and Step4-Hysteroscopy. ConclusionWhen diagnosed late, cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy can cause a significant hemorrhage from rupture. Earlyradiologic diagnosis does not only indicate minimally invasive surgery as a treatment option but also assists withrelated surgical planning. This video demonstrates a stepwise approach to the robotic assisted excision of CSP withmetroplasty. With these 4 simple steps, surgical procedure can be safe and efficient.

SLC45A2: A Melanoma Antigen with High Tumor Selectivity and Reduced Potential for Autoimmune Toxicity

Park, Jungsun,Talukder, Amjad H.,Lim, Seon A.,Kim, Kwanghee,Pan, Ke,Melendez, Brenda,Bradley, Sherille D.,Jackson, Kyle R.,Khalili, Jahan S.,Wang, Junmei,Creasy, Caitlin,Pan, Bih-Fang,Woodman, Scott E AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER RESEARCH 2017 Cancer Immunology Research Vol.5 No.8

<P>T cell–based immunotherapy against melanoma-associated antigens can result in on-target/off-tumor cytotoxicity. SLC45A2, a protein overexpressed in melanoma compared with normal melanocytes, was identified as a T-cell target that may be less prone to inducing autoimmune side effects.</P><P>Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)–based immunotherapies have had remarkable success at generating objective clinical responses in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. Although the melanocyte differentiation antigens (MDA) MART-1, PMEL, and tyrosinase were among the first melanoma tumor-associated antigens identified and targeted with immunotherapy, expression within normal melanocytes of the eye and inner ear can elicit serious autoimmune side effects, thus limiting their clinical potential as CTL targets. Using a tandem mass spectrometry (MS) approach to analyze the immunopeptidomes of 55 melanoma patient–derived cell lines, we identified a number of shared HLA class I–bound peptides derived from the melanocyte-specific transporter protein SLC45A2. Antigen-specific CTLs generated against HLA-A*0201- and HLA-A*2402–restricted SLC45A2 peptides effectively killed a majority of HLA-matched cutaneous, uveal, and mucosal melanoma cell lines tested (18/25). CTLs specific for SLC45A2 showed significantly reduced recognition of HLA-matched primary melanocytes that were, conversely, robustly killed by MART1- and PMEL-specific T cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that SLC45A2 mRNA expression in normal melanocytes was less than 2% that of other MDAs, therefore providing a more favorable melanoma-to-melanocyte expression ratio. Expression of SLC45A2 and CTL sensitivity could be further upregulated in BRAF(V600E)-mutant melanoma cells upon treatment with BRAF or MEK inhibitors, similarly to other MDAs. Taken together, our study demonstrates the feasibility of using tandem MS as a means of discovering shared immunogenic tumor-associated epitopes and identifies SLC45A2 as a promising immunotherapeutic target for melanoma with high tumor selectivity and reduced potential for autoimmune toxicity. <I>Cancer Immunol Res; 5(8); 618–29. ©2017 AACR</I>.</P>

A central role for PBP2 in the activation of peptidoglycan polymerization by the bacterial cell elongation machinery

Rohs, Patricia D. A.,Buss, Jackson,Sim, Sue I.,Squyres, Georgia R.,Srisuknimit, Veerasak,Smith, Mandy,Cho, Hongbaek,Sjodt, Megan,Kruse, Andrew C.,Garner, Ethan C.,Walker, Suzanne,Kahne, Daniel E.,Bern Public Library of Science 2018 PLoS genetics Vol.14 No.10

<▼1><P>Cell elongation in rod-shaped bacteria is mediated by the Rod system, a conserved morphogenic complex that spatially controls cell wall assembly by the glycan polymerase RodA and crosslinking enzyme PBP2. Using <I>Escherichia coli</I> as a model system, we identified a PBP2 variant that promotes Rod system function when essential accessory components of the machinery are inactivated. This PBP2 variant hyperactivates cell wall synthesis in vivo and stimulates the activity of RodA-PBP2 complexes in vitro. Cells with the activated synthase also exhibited enhanced polymerization of the actin-like MreB component of the Rod system. Our results define an activation pathway governing Rod system function in which PBP2 conformation plays a central role in stimulating both glycan polymerization by its partner RodA and the formation of cytoskeletal filaments of MreB to orient cell wall assembly. In light of these results, previously isolated mutations that activate cytokinesis suggest that an analogous pathway may also control cell wall synthesis by the division machinery.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author summary</B></P><P>The cell wall of bacteria determines their shape and protects them from osmotic lysis. Two enzymatic activities are required for cell wall synthesis: glycan polymerization and crosslinking. A major new family of glycan polymerases was recently discovered and was proposed to work in complex with crosslinking enzymes called penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). How the activities of these enzymes are coordinated to prevent the toxic generation of uncrosslinked glycans has remained unknown. Our analysis of the cell elongation system of <I>Escherichia coli</I> has revealed that this coupling is mediated by changes in the PBP that activate glycan chain synthesis by the polymerase. Furthermore, we present genetic evidence that this activation event is mediated by a component of the elongation machinery with a previously unknown function. Discovery of this activation pathway provides new mechanistic insight into the cell wall biogenesis process and identifies a new avenue to disrupt it for antibiotic development.</P></▼2>

Sulfur versus Iron Oxidation in an Iron−Thiolate Model Complex

McDonald, Aidan R.,Bukowski, Michael R.,Farquhar, Erik R.,Jackson, Timothy A.,Koehntop, Kevin D.,Seo, Mi Sook,De Hont, Raymond F.,Stubna, Audria,Halfen, Jason A.,Mü,nck, Eckard,Nam, Wonwoo,Que, American Chemical Society 2010 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.132 No.48

<P>In the absence of base, the reaction of [Fe<SUP>II</SUP>(TMCS)]PF<SUB>6</SUB> (<B>1</B>, TMCS = 1-(2-mercaptoethyl)-4,8,11-trimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) with peracid in methanol at −20 °C did not yield the oxoiron(IV) complex (<B>2</B>, [Fe<SUP>IV</SUP>(O)(TMCS)]PF<SUB>6</SUB>), as previously observed in the presence of strong base (KO<SUP>t</SUP>Bu). Instead, the addition of 1 equiv of peracid resulted in 50% consumption of <B>1</B>. The addition of a second equivalent of peracid resulted in the complete consumption of <B>1</B> and the formation of a new species <B>3</B>, as monitored by UV−vis, ESI-MS, and Mössbauer spectroscopies. ESI-MS showed <B>3</B> to be formulated as [Fe<SUP>II</SUP>(TMCS) + 2O]<SUP>+</SUP>, while EXAFS analysis suggested that <B>3</B> was an O-bound iron(II)−sulfinate complex (Fe−O = 1.95 Å, Fe−S = 3.26 Å). The addition of a third equivalent of peracid resulted in the formation of yet another compound, <B>4</B>, which showed electronic absorption properties typical of an oxoiron(IV) species. Mössbauer spectroscopy confirmed <B>4</B> to be a novel iron(IV) compound, different from <B>2</B>, and EXAFS (Fe?O = 1.64 Å) and resonance Raman (ν<SUB>Fe?O</SUB> = 831 cm<SUP>−1</SUP>) showed that indeed an oxoiron(IV) unit had been generated in <B>4</B>. Furthermore, both infrared and Raman spectroscopy gave indications that <B>4</B> contains a metal-bound sulfinate moiety (ν<SUB>s</SUB>(SO<SUB>2</SUB>) ≈ 1000 cm <SUP>−1</SUP>, ν<SUB>as</SUB>(SO<SUB>2</SUB>) ≈ 1150 cm <SUP>−1</SUP>). Investigations into the reactivity of <B>1</B> and <B>2</B> toward H<SUP>+</SUP> and oxygen atom transfer reagents have led to a mechanism for sulfur oxidation in which <B>2</B> could form even in the absence of base but is rapidly protonated to yield an oxoiron(IV) species with an uncoordinated thiol moiety that acts as both oxidant and substrate in the conversion of <B>2</B> to <B>3</B>.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2010/jacsat.2010.132.issue-48/ja1045428/production/images/medium/ja-2010-045428_0015.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja1045428'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja1045428'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Sequencing crop genomes: approaches and applications

Jackson, Scott A.,Iwata, Aiko,Lee, Suk‐,Ha,Schmutz, Jeremy,Shoemaker, Randy Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 The New phytologist Vol.191 No.4

<P><B>Contents</B></P><P> <tabularFixed><table frame='none'><tgroup cols='3' align='left'><colspec colname='col1' colnum='1'/><colspec colname='col2' colnum='2'/><colspec colname='col3' colnum='3'/><tbody valign='top'><row><entry/><entry>Summary</entry><entry>915</entry></row><row><entry>I.</entry><entry>Genomics and crop improvement</entry><entry>915</entry></row><row><entry>II.</entry><entry>Complexity of plant genomes</entry><entry>916</entry></row><row><entry>III.</entry><entry>Evolution of genome sequencing</entry><entry>917</entry></row><row><entry>IV.</entry><entry>Future of genome sequencing</entry><entry>919</entry></row><row><entry>V.</entry><entry>Application of genomics for crop improvement</entry><entry>920</entry></row><row><entry>VI.</entry><entry>Unlocking the potential of genetic diversity through genomic   approaches</entry><entry>922</entry></row><row><entry/><entry>Acknowledgements</entry><entry>923</entry></row><row><entry/><entry>References</entry><entry>923</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tabularFixed> </P><P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Many challenges face plant scientists, in particular those working on crop production, such as a projected increase in population, decrease in water and arable land, changes in weather patterns and predictability. Advances in genome sequencing and resequencing can and should play a role in our response to meeting these challenges. However, several barriers prevent rapid and effective deployment of these tools to a wide variety of crops. Because of the complexity of crop genomes, <I>de novo</I> sequencing with next‐generation sequencing technologies is a process fraught with difficulties that then create roadblocks to the utilization of these genome sequences for crop improvement. Collecting rapid and accurate phenotypes in crop plants is a hindrance to integrating genomics with crop improvement, and advances in informatics are needed to put these tools in the hands of the scientists on the ground.</P>

Investigation of Remanufacturing Methods Utilizing Mechanically-Generated and Gas-Atomized Feedstock Production for Directed Energy Deposition Processing Through Specific Energy Consumption Modeling

Marcus A. Jackson,Dan J. Thoma,Frank E. Pfefferkorn 한국정밀공학회 2023 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.10 No.3

The objective of this work was to assess the energy consumption of a novel remanufacturing method that utilizes mechanically-generated feedstock for directed energy deposition. Gas-atomization is the state-of-the-art production process for directed energy deposition feedstock, and for this work was incorporated into a remanufacturing process path to provide a comparison method. Specific energy consumption models of remanufacturing utilizing both of these proposed process paths were developed and applied to a case study to investigate energy saving opportunities for future manufacturing paradigms. The energy modelling was done in three stages. First, the mechanically-generated feedstock production energy consumption model was generated from experimental observation. Second, the gas-atomized feedstock production energy consumption model was generated from a combination of experimental observation, reported estimates from the manufacturer, and data found in the literature. Lastly, the energy consumption model of directed energy deposition was derived from experimental observation and compares favorably with reported estimates in the literature. With the models, the specific energy consumption in the two process paths were compared and their application was demonstrated by estimating the energy consumption to remanufacture a bracket. The two feedstock production methods had similar specific energy consumptions. The specific energy consumption of the directed energy deposition process was the greatest component in the respective remanufacturing paths by an order of magnitude; increasing deposition rate is the most important factor for lowering the overall specific energy consumption. The analyzed remanufacturing technologies were estimated to consume less energy than replacement when repairing up to approximately 15% of the original part’s mass.

Energy Consumption Model for Additive-Subtractive Manufacturing Processes with Case Study

Marcus A. Jackson,Arik Van Asten,Justin D. Morrow,Sangkee Min,Frank E. Pfefferkorn 한국정밀공학회 2018 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.5 No.4

There has been a growing trend in industry towards the development of integrated manufacturing centers that combine several manufacturing processes, such as the mill-turn center. As additive manufacturing becomes a more widely adopted technology, combining additive with subtractive manufacturing in one machine is a logical evolution to provide the benefits of final parts made from raw materials with the dimensional tolerance and surface finish expected in many applications. An energy consumption model was created that accounted for the energy consumption during primary metal production, deposition, and machining phases of wire-based and powder-based additive-subtractive manufacturing processes. This model was applied to a case study where the energy consumption to produce sub-sized, sheet type, and plate type (size) tensile bars was calculated. It was found that the wire-based process consumed less energy during deposition, whereas powder-based was less energy consumptive during primary metal production and machining. The findings suggest that given the present understanding of the respective technologies’ capabilities, the desired final net shape will dictate the preferred manufacturing process with respect to energy consumption considerations.