한국인 남성 흡연자의 자아방어기제

정상근(Sang-Keun Chung),황익근(Ik-Keun Hwang) 한국중독정신의학회 1998 중독정신의학 Vol.2 No.1

Objectives:Deficiencies in internal self-regulation are due to inadequate ego defense mechanisms (EDMs) and important in the understanding of substance abuse. We examined characteristic EDMs, and the relationships between EDMs and nicotine dependence in Korean male cigarette smokers(CSs). Methods:75 male CSs meeting DSM-IV criteria for nicotine dependence and 75 healthy male non-smokers (NSs) were evaluated by using Ehwa Diagnostic Test of Defense Mechanisms, semi-structured questionnaire. CSs were also evaluated by Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. EDMs were analysed by maturational level. Results:Acting out (p=.000) & regression (p=.008) of immature defenses, controlling(p=.000) & dissociation (p=.004) of neurotic defenses, projection (p=.018) & denial (p=.001) of narcissistic defenses, and altruism (p=.014) scales scores of maturation defenses were significantly higher in CSs than NSs (by t-test). There was significantly positive correlation between nicotine dependence and acting out scale score (r=.3327, p=.005) in CSs. Conclusion:These findings indicate that inadequate EDMs may be the important cause of self-regulatory deficiencies in CSs. We suggest that multiple therapeutic approaches to strengthen healthy ego functions of self-regulation should be provided in smoking cessation program.

공황장애환자의 정신생리적 반응

정상근,조광현,정애자,박태원,황익근,Chung, Sang-Keun,Cho, Kwang-Hyun,Jung, Ae-Ja,Park, Tae-Won,Hwang, Ik-Keun 대한수면의학회 2001 수면·정신생리 Vol.8 No.1

목 적 : 정상 대조군보다 공황장애환자의 생리적 각성수준이 더 높고 생리적 유연성이 더 적을 것이다. 이러한 가정을 확인하기 위해 공황장애환자와 정상대조군사이의 정신생리반응의 차이를 알아보았다. 방 법 : 환자군은 DSM-Ⅳ의 공황장애 진단기준에 맞는 외래 및 입원 환자 10명(남성 9명, 여성 1명;연령 $47.5{\pm}14.3$세), 정상 대조군(남성 9명, 여성 1명 ; 연령 $47.3{\pm}10.1$세)은 전북의대 학생 및 전북대학교병원직원 10명으로 선정하였다. 심리적 평가항목으로서, 불안, 우울 수준은 상태특성불안척도, Beck 우울 척도, Hamilton 불안 및 우울 척도로 평가하였다. 생리적 평가항목으로서 자율신경계의 정신생리반응을 측정하였는데, 맥박, 호흡속도, 피부전도반응, 근전도 등은 J & J I-330모델을 이용하였다. 스트레스작업은 4가지로서 암산, 비디오게임, 과호흡, 스트레스사건 이야기작업을 이용하였다. 정신생리반응의 측정순서는 생리반응 측정전 약 15분간의 휴식후 각각 3분씩의 '기저기간-암산작업 기간-휴식기간(3분)-비디오게임 기간-휴식기간-과호흡 기간-휴식기간-트레스사건 이야기작업 기간'으로 하였다. 두 군사이의 스트레스작업에 따른 심리적, 생리적 평가 항목들의 차이를 통계 분석하였다. 결 과 : 대조군보다 공황장애군에서 우울, 불안수준이 유의하게 더 높았다. 생리반응 중 피부전도반응(p=.017), 근전도(p=.047), 맥박(p=.049)의 기저치가 대조군보다 공황장애군에서 유의하게 더 높았다. 또한, 피부전도반응의 경우, 과호흡시 놀람반응이 대조군보다 공황장애군에서 유의하게 더 컸다(p=.001). 맥박의 경우, 암산작업시 놀람 및 회복반응이 대조군보다 환자군에서 유의하게 더 적었다(각각 p=.007, p=.002). 환자군내에서 피부전도반응의 경우, 암산(p=.0001) 및 비디오게임(p=.021) 작업시 놀람반응이 회복반응보다 유의하게 더 컸다. 또한 호흡반응의 경우, 환자군내에서 과호흡시(p=.035) 놀람반응보다 회복반응이 유의하게 더 컸다. 결 론 : 상기 결과로 미루어보아, 공황장애환자는 정상 대조군보다 기저기에서 대부분 자율신경계의 생리적 각성수준이 더 높았으나, 측정항목에 따라 생리적 유연성의 기복이 있었다. 따라서, 공황장애환자의 치료시 자율신경계의 각성수준을 감소시키고, 일부 스트레스에 대한 생리적 유연성 회복이 필요하다고 생각한다. Objectives: An Increased level of psychophysiologic arousal and diminished physiologic flexibility would be observed in patients with panic disorder compared with a normal control group. We investigated the differences of psychophysiologic response between patients with panic disorder and normal control to examine this hypothesis. Methods: Ten Korean patients with panic disorder who met the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV were compared with 10 normal healthy subjects. In psychological assessment, levels of anxiety and depression were evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck's Depression Inventory and Hamilton Rating Scale For Anxiety and Depression. Heart rate, respiration rate, electrodermal response, and electromyographic activity were measured by biofeedback system (J & J I-330 model) to determine psychophysiologic responses on autonomic nervous system. Stressful tasks included mental arithmetic, video game, hyperventilation, and talking about a stressful event. Psychophysiologic responses were measured according to the following procedures : baseline(3 min)-mental arithmetic (3 min)-rest (3 min)-video game (3 min)-rest (3 min)-hyperventilation (3 min)-rest (3 min)-talking about a stressful event (3 min). Results: The baseline level of anxiety and depression, electrodermal response (p=.017), electromyographic activity (p=.047) and heart rate (p=.049) of patients with panic disorder were significantly higher than those of the normal subject group. In electrodermal response, patient group had significantly higher startle response than the control group during hyperventilation (p=.001). Startle and recovery responses of heart rate in the patient group were significantly lower than responses in the control group during mental arithmetic (p=.007, p=.002). In electrodermal response of the patient group, startle response was significantly higher than recovery response during mental arithmetic (p=.000) and video game task (p=.021). Recovery response was significantly higher than startle response in respiratory response during hyperventilation. Conclusion: The results showed that patients with panic disorder had higher autonomic arousal than the control group, but the physiologic flexibility was variable. We suggest that it is helpful for treatment of panic disorder to decrease the level of autonomic arousal and to recover the physiologic flexibility in certain stressful event.

흡연의 정신의학적 고찰

정상근(Sang-Keun Chung),황익근(Ik-Keun Hwang) 한국중독정신의학회 1997 중독정신의학 Vol.1 No.1

Cigarette is not any more favorite food, and nicotine is one of addicting drugs. Despite of adverse health effects due to cigarette smoking, there are several factors(i.e. social, psychological, genetic, biological) that make smoking behavior initiate, maintain, relapse. Cigarette smoking is diagnosed and classified as ‘mental and behavioral disordrs due to use of tobacco’ and as ‘nicotine-related disorders’ in ICD-10, and as ‘nicotinerelated disorders’ in DSM-Ⅳ. The prevalence of smoking is higher in psychiatric patients than the general population, and nicotine dependence can be considered as a kind of chronic relapsing illness. Because nicotine dependence is as complex in its components and determinants as other addictions, more comprehensive multicomponent treatments may be required for the achievement of successful abstinence. Because of above background, we reviewed psychiatric aspects of references about cigarette smoking to established guidelines of smoking cessation program.

전환장애환자의 정신생리적 반응

정상근 ( Sang Keun Chung ),최명수 ( Myung Soo Choi ),정애자 ( Ae Ja Jung ),황익근 ( Ik Keun Hwang ) 전북대학교 의과학연구소 2002 全北醫大論文集 Vol.26 No.1

연구목적: 저자들은 전환장애환자들의 정신생리적 반응양상을 분석하여 진단 및 치료에 적용하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 연구방법: DSM-IV진단기준상 전환장애로 진단된 환자 15명과 건강한 대조군 20명을 대상으로 하였다. 두 군 모두 불안상태를 평가 후, 정신생리적 변인들(수지온도, 전두근 근전도, 맥박, 전기피부저항)을 평가하였다. 정신생리적 변인들은 기저기, 스트레스작업(암산, 이야기 작업) 기간, 휴식기로 나누어 측정하였다. 연구결과: 전환장애 환자군이 정상 대조군보다 해밀턴 불안척도점수, 상태불안, 특성불안수준이 유익하게 더 높았다. 정신생리적 반응은 다음과 같았다: 첫째, 기저기동안 근전도와 맥박수준이 유의하게 더 높았다. 둘째, 암산작업직후기간동안 모든 생리적 변인들의 놀람반응이 유의하게 더 적었다. 셋째, 암산과 이야기작업기간동안 수지온도를 제외한 근전도,맥박, 전기피부반응의 회복반응이 유의하게 더 낮았다. 또한 저자들은 전환장애환자에서 암산작업기간동안 심박동수의 회복반응과 불안수준사이에 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 결론: 이상의 결과는 전환장애환자가 정상대조군보다 자율신경계 각성수준이 더 높고, ‘생리적 유연성’ 또는 ‘자율신경계의 유연성’이 감소되어있음을 시사한다. 따라서, 이에 대한 적절한 약물치료(bezodia-zepine계 등), 정신치료(환기, 최면요법 등), 정신생리적 치료법(biofeedback 등)의 병행이 필요하다. Objective: We examined the psychophysiologic response pattern in Korean female patiens with conversion disorder(CD). Methods: 15 female patients with conversion disorder and 20 healthy female subjects were evaluated by Spielberger`s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, four psychophysiologic measures i.e. skin temperature (ST), electromyographic activity(EMG), heart rate(HR), and elctordermal response(EDR) during rest and two psychologically stressful tasks(mental arithmetic, TM; talk about a stressful event, TT). Results: CD group showed : 1)significantly higher EMG, HR level during baseline, 2)significantly lower in the startle response of all psychophysiologic measure during TM. 3)significantly lower change in the recovery response(RR) of EMG, HR, and EDR during stressful tasks than control group (by t-test). We found that there were significantly positive correlations between RR during TM and state (r=551, p<.05)& trait(r=.549, p<.05) anxiety in CD group. Conclusion: Above results suggest that patients with conversion disorder show higher autonomic arousal than normal control group and decreased physiologic flexibility or reduced autonomic flexibility.

판례회고 : 금융,증권법 판례회고 -파생상품거래에 관한 최근 판례회고-

정상근 ( Sang Keun Chung ) 한국상사판례학회 2004 상사판례연구 Vol.17 No.-

제어 지식 베이스형 퍼지 학습제어에 의한 힘/서보계의 제어

정상근(Sang Keun Chung),박종국(Chong Kug Park) 한국지능시스템학회 1992 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.2 No.1

국제해상거래(國際海商去來) 상 운임변동위험의 담보수단으로서 보험(保險)과 선물(先物)의 비교 연구

정상근 ( Sang Keun Chung ) 한국상사판례학회 2007 상사판례연구 Vol.20 No.3

옵션거래의 법원리와 규제에 관한 논의 - 파생상품거래의 법이론(Ⅱ) -

정상근(Sang-Keun Chung),최영곤(Young-Kon Choi) 한국기업법학회 2004 企業法硏究 Vol.18 No.1

Options are also like futures a way of managing and reducing risk. That are more versatile and strategic to the investor. Option purchaser is granted the privilege of buying(call option) or selling(put option) a underlying commodity. If the price fluctuates, he is, as a result, more attractive than the option writer. The buyers pay the seller a fee for granting the privilege. This fee is called the premium. An option may be defined as the right, but not an obligation to buy or sell a particular item<br/> <br/> Options are not ways of financing in the company, but zero-sum game between the parties. The loss in one is to be offset by a gain in the other Insurance contracts as an similar institute are based on statistics and the other insured in here is helpful to one.<br/> <br/> Deregulation is an worldwide phenomenon in this area, especially E -trade and OTC trade. But derivatives like underlying assets are to be harmful to the parties with its complexity, market manipulation and fraud, so CEA is applied to swap agreement in america. Therefore we need an authority to supervise derivatives market in Korea, FSS(Financial Supervisory Service) practices this function as CFTC does in the United States. In recent, it is argued that financial regulation must be harmonized in one direction. But this is in need of further research.

한국인 양극성장애 환자에서 endothelial nitric oxide synthase 유전자 다형성

정상근 ( Sang Keun Chung ),최명수 ( Myong Su Choi ),양종철 ( Jong Chel Yang ),박태원 ( Tae Won Park ),정영철 ( Yong Chul Chung ),정애자 ( Ae Ja Jung ),황익근 ( Ik Keun Hwang ) 전북대학교 의과학연구소 2009 全北醫大論文集 Vol.33 No.1

Objectives: Although endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS) gene has been investigated in many neuropsychiatric disorders, results were controversial and even contradictory. We performed this study to examine the genotypes and the allele frequency distribution of eNOS gene in Korean bipolar disorder patients, and the differences between them and healthy controls. Methods: eNOS genotypes in 51 bipolar disorder patients and 121 healthy controls were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and amplified refractory mutation system. Results: When genotypes of eNOS were classified as a/a, a/b, b/b, there were no statistical differences in genotypes between two groups. There were also no statistical differences in allele frequency between two groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that eNOS gene may not be causally related to the development of bipolar disorder in Korean population.

비정형 항정신병 약물에 의한 체중증가와 체중조절

정상근 ( Sang Keun Chung ),오근영 ( Keun Young O ),최명수 ( Myung Soo Choi ) 전북대학교 의과학연구소 2002 全北醫大論文集 Vol.26 No.2

비정형 항정신병 약물은 정신분열병이나 다른 정신병적 증상이 있는 질환의 치료에 효과적으로 사용되나, 이로 인한 체중증가는 환자의 신체적, 정신적 건강의 해로운 요소로 작용할 뿐만 아니라, 정신과 질환의 치료에도 매우 좋지 않은 영향을 미칠 수 있고, 결국 환자의 삶의 질을 심각하게 손상시킨다. 따라서, 이러한 모순을 해결하기 위해 보다 적극적인 노력이 필요하다. 본 증례에서는 비정형 항정신병 약물중 흔히 사용되는 olanzapine에 의한 체중증가 사례와 이들 중 충분한 기간 동안 식사조절과 운동 및 행동변화에도 체중조절 효과가 없거나 이를 지속적으로 시행하지 못한 3명의 환자에서 topiramate를 사용하였고, 3명 모두에서 체중감소 효과가 있었음을 확인하였다. Excessive increase in body weight as a treatment-emergent effect of atypical antipsychotics has become the major concerns of clinical and research interest. These concerns are far greater than purely cosmetic, drug-induced weight gain has been identified as a major risk factor for various medical disorders, and higher weight may lead or reinforce to a stigma about psychiatric disorder, and may increase noncompliance and risk of relapse, subsequentely reinforce social withdrawal and impair quality of life of patients. Olanzapine is one of atypical antipsychotics, used to treatment of schizophrenia or other psychotic symptoms. But olanzapine-induced increasing appetite and weight gain are more common reported than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics. Topiramate is an antiepileptic agent, which is being investigated as a mood-stabilizer or antidepressant, and is reported to be effective with weight losing. Base on above studies we investigate height, body weight and body mass index(BMI) in the cases of olanzpine-induced weight gain and weight control with topiramate, and estimate its usefulness.