경안천의 Bisphenol A와 Nonylphenol 함량 변화

김판기(Kim Pan Gyi),권은아(Kwon En A),황성희(Hwang Sung Hee) 한국환경보건학회 2000 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.26 No.1

Alkylphenols 물질들은 미약한 여성 생식호르몬의 성질을 가지고 있는 환경오염물질로서 내분비계 교란에 의한 야생동물 등의 내분비계에 장해를 가져오기도 하며, 지표수에서 일부 계면활성제, 페인트, 제초제, 살충제 등의 성분으로 검출되는 alkylphenol polyethoxylates는 환경에서 nonylphenol 등으로 대사된다. Bisphenol A는 산업공정에서 부식에 잘 견디는 불포화 폴리에스터 스티렌수지로 식품포장 재료 등으로 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 내분비계 교란 의심물질로 알려진 bisphenol A, nonylphenol의 환경중의 함량을, 경안천 유역에서 지역별로 5개 지점을 선택하여 1998년 9월부터 1999년 5월까지 물과 토사를 대상으로 분석하였다. 물과 토사는 Soxhlet 장치와 감압농축기를 이용하여 추출 및 농축한 후 high performance liquid chromatograph로 측정 하였다. Nonylphenol의 함량은 물중에서 0.00-0.76μg/l이 검출되었으며 (검출율 68.2%), 주변 토사중에서는 이보다 많은 0.000-0.003mg/kg이 확인되었다 (검출율 57.6%). 지역적으로는 프라스틱제조 등의 공장 주변에서, 하류로 갈수록 함량이 증가하였고, 시기적으로는 10월과 11월에 가장 높은 함량을 기록하였다. Bisphenol A는 물 중에서 0.00-0.04 μg/l의 함량이 검출되었으며 (검출율 64.7%), 토사 중에서는 이 보다 높은 0.0-0.2 μg/kg이 검출되었다 (검출율 11.8 %). 역시 프라스틱 등의 공장 주변과 하류지역이 높았으며, 시기적으로는 11월이 가장 높았다. 본 연구에서 경안천 유역의 물과 토시중에 극미량의 nonylphenol과 bisphenol A가 확인되었으나, 건강영향에 관한 자세한 연구가 있어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

의약물질의 환경오염과 환경보건

최경호,김판기,박정임,Choi, Kyung-Ho,Kim, Pan-Gyi,Park, Jeong-Im 한국환경보건학회 2009 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.35 No.6

Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment are trace contaminants of growing importance in environmental health due to their physiologically active nature. Pharmaceuticals could affect non-target species and might eventually damage sustainability of susceptible populations in the ecosystem. Potentials for health consequences among susceptible human population cannot be ruled out since long-term exposure to cocktails of pharmaceuticals, which might be present in drinking water, is possible. Selection of antibiotic resistant microorganisms is of another concern. In order to understand, and if needed, to properly address the environmental health issues of pharmaceutical residues, knowledge gaps need to be filled. Knowledge gaps exist in many important areas such as prioritization of target pharmaceuticals for further risk studies, occurrence patterns in different environments, chronic toxicities, and toxicities of pharmaceutical mixtures. Appropriate treatment technologies for drinking water and wastewater could be developed when they are deemed necessary. One of the simplest, yet most efficient measures that could be undertaken is to implement a return program for unused or expired drugs. In addition, implementation of environmental risk assessment frameworks for pharmaceuticals would make it possible to efficiently manage potential environmental health problems associated with pharmaceutical residues in the environment.

온라인 고체상추출과 LC-MS/MS 기술을 이용한 소변 중 파라벤류 분석

김정환,고영림,김판기,정지연,이은희,이승열,남혜선,이규식,Kim, Jung Hoan,Kho, Young Lim,Kim, Pan Gyi,Jeong, Jee Yeon,Lee, Eun Hee,Lee, Seung-Youl,Nam, Hye-Seon,Rhee, Gyu-Seek 한국환경보건학회 2012 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.38 No.6

Objectives: Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial agents in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics as well as by the food industry. Parabens have been reported to show weak estrogenic activity and be related to health effects such as allergic reactions and skin and breast cancer. We evaluated an online solid phase extraction (SPE) method coupled with LC-MS/MS technique using free and conjugated parent parabens in human urine for assessing human exposure to parabens. Methods: We employed LC/MS/MS through online solid phase extraction and column-switching techniques and analyzed free and conjugated parabens as biomarkers of human exposure. Four major parabens, methyl-paraben (MP), ethyl-paraben (EP), propyl-paraben (PP) and butyl-paraben (BP), were analyzed. Method validation was performed by sensitivity, accuracy, precision and comparison of the results of online SPE with offline SPE. Results: The limits of detection (LOD) were in the range of 0.2-2 ng/mL, and actual limits of quantification (LOQ) were in the range of 0.7-6 ng/mL urine, depending upon the compound. Accuracy was in the range of 98.3-106.4%, and precision was in the range of 1.3-8.7% (CV) depending upon the compound. We found a good correlation between the results of analysis by online SPE method and that by off-line SPE method. Conclusions: The online SPE method showed proper LOD and validated accuracy, precision and good correlation with the offline method for analyzing parabens in urine.

보생탕이 랫드의 모체와 태자에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

김창석,이선동,김판기,이장우,박해모,Kim, Chang-Seok,Lee, Sun-Dong,Kim, Pan-Gyi,Lee, Jang-Woo,Park, Hae-Mo 대한예방한의학회 2005 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

한약은 오랫동안 사용하면서 경험적으로 안전성에 대한 검증이 이루어졌다고 생각하여 독성 문제에 관한 문제가 없는 것으로 판단되고 있다. 하지만, 최근 천연물의 성분들 중 변이원성, 염색체이상에 관한 문제점이 지적되어오고 있다. 특히 최근 임신중의 환경인자나, 약물복용에 따른 기형아 출산원인에 대한 연구가 행하여지고 있는데 임신 초기에 한약을 복용한 경우 기형아 발생률이 높았다는 보고가 있어 한약재의 임신중 사용의 안전성에 대한 과학적 조명이 필요한 실정이다. 임신과 분만에 관련된 한약재는 많이 보고되어 있고 실제로 환자에게 처방되고 있지만 이를 과학적으로 입증하고자 하는 연구는 많지 않았다. 따라서 본 실험은 임신유지, 성장 및 분만과 태아발생 및 그 영향과 관련된 한약재의 효능을 임신 랫드를 이용하여 간접적으로 확인하였다. 우선 임신 랫드를 임신 1일부터 20일까지 보생탕을 경구 투여하여 모체의 체중변화를 살펴보았다. 그리고 임신 20일에 부검하여 채혈을 하여 혈액분석을 하고 모체의 각 장기를 관찰하였다. 또 모체의 자궁을 적출하여 태자를 관찰하였다. 태자는 체중과 외형적 기형 그리고 alcian blue용액과 alizarin red S용액으로 염색하여 골격기형을 관찰하였다. 위와 같은 실험으로 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 보생탕을 투여한 모체의 체중변화에서는 대조군보다 보생탕 투여군이 높은 증가율을 보였지만 전체적으로 두 군 모두 증가현상을 보였으므로 한약에 의한 체중 감소는 없는 것으로 사료되었다. 모체의 장기무게에서 절대중량은 대조군과 보생탕 투여군이 비슷한 결과가 나타났으며 상대중량은 간과 신장에서는 보생탕 투여군이 비장에서는 대조군이 높은 결과가 나타났으나 큰 차이가 나지 않았고 유의성도 나타나지 않았다. 혈액분석결과 백혈구, 적혈구 및 적혈구 관련지표 (MCV, MCH, MCHC), 헤모글로빈, 혈소판, 림프구, 중성구, 호산구, 호염기구, 단핵구등에서는 유의적인 차이가 나지 않았고, 모두 정상범위 이내에 속하였다. AST, ALT, BUN, Creatinine에서도 역시 큰 차이는 없었다. 이것도 역시 모두 정상범위였다. 모체의 황체수, 착상수, 착상율, 임신율, 초기소실율, 후기소실율, 출산자 수, 출산자의 성비를 보면 대조군보다 보생탕 투여군에서 약간 높은 결과를 보였으나 큰 차이는 없었다. 그리고 특히 초기소실율에서는 대조군보다 보생탕 투여군이 높은 결과를 보였다는 점에서 보생탕이 착상이나 임신유지에 유용한 영향이 있었다는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 태자에 대한 영향을 살펴본 결과 태자의 체중과 태자 수는 약간 증가한 것을 볼 수 있었으나 큰 차이는 나지 않았다. 그리고 태자 기형발생에서는 외형적인 기형은 관찰되지 않았고 골격검사에서도 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나 흉추와 흉골에서 변이가 다수 관찰되었다. 흉추에서는 대조군이 흉골에서는 보생탕 투여군이 약간씩 높았으나 대조군과 보생탕 투여군간의 변이는 큰 차이는 없었다. 그리고 천골과 미추에서는 수의 차이가 관찰되었으나 큰 차이는 없었고 미추에서는 유의성이 나타났다.(P<0.01) 그리고 늑골과 경추, 흉추, 요추는 그 수가 일정했다. 이상에서 보생탕 투여는 임신 모체와 태자의 체중 및 증체량의 증가를 촉진시키는 것으로 관찰되었으나, 기타 다른 모체 기능에 관한 지표, 즉 황체수, 착상수, 착상율, 임신율, 초기소실율, 후기소실율등에 영향을 주지 않는 점과 차세대 동물 The experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effects of Bosaengtang in pregnant rats and fetuses. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with Bosaengtang at the dose of 5mg/kg/day for 20 days. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at the 20th day of gestation, and observed internal and reproductive organs. Fetuses were randomly selected and fixed in 95% ethanol. Fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S, and observed skeletal malformations. The results obtained were as follows : Bosaengtang administered group showed higher maternal body weight than the control group, but both groups showed increase in weight. Bosaengtang administered group showed lower than the control group, and higher liver and kidney weight than the control group, but the differences were minimal. There were no significant changes between the control and treated group in blood chemistry values and hematological values but all the groups were within in normal ranges. There were no significant changes in the number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetus and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate, sex ratio, but Bosaengtang administered group showed higher early resorption rate than control group. comparing the control and Bosaengtang group, neonatal body weight and the number of fetuses were increased in Bosaengtang group. The fetuses of dams treated with Oriental medicine didn't showed external malformation. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Bosaengtang group, but the differences were not apparent compared to the control group. The number of ribs, cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were normal. The number of sacral was similar and the number of caudal was increased. Fetuses showed significant difference in the number of caudal vertebrae. (P<0.01) From these results, we can carefully conclude that Bosaengtang showed beneficial effects on maternal body weight, early resorption rate, number of live fetus. There were no significant changes in organ weight, hematoscopy, reproduction organs. External malformation wasn't visible. Skeletal variations were showed in vertebrae and sternum but compared to the control group, these variations weren't much different.

키토산의 분자량에 따른 랫드에서의 적용

정덕채,이기창,윤철훈,김판기,신동환,Jung, Duck-Chae,Lee, Ki-Chang,Yoon, Cheol-Hun,Kim, Pan-Gyi,Shin, Dong-Hwan 한국환경보건학회 1999 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.25 No.3

Biodegradable films were prepared by solution blend method in the weight ratio of chitosan for the purpose of useful biomaterials. The possibility of biomaterials prepared from natural polymer as a skin substitute was evaluated by measuring biocompatibility. These films were inserts in the back of rat and their biodegradability was investigated by the film weight and hematology as a function of time for the biotransformation. The result of rat test showed that medium, high viscosity chitosan induced some suspects of inbiocompatibility in the tissue by goreign body reaction 48 and 72 hours after implantation. Also, we prepared the official burn ointment which is made by low viscosity chitosan. This burn ointment was covered on the skin wound of artificial burn and their effect of healing was investigated by the evaluation of the naked eye and hematological change as a function of time. The result of rats test showed that burn ointments made from chitosan was effective reductio of inflammation than negative group.

LC/MS/MS를 이용한 어린이 소변 중 프탈레이트 대사산물 분석

고영림,정지연,최경호,김판기,Kho, Young-Lim,Jeong, Jee-Yeon,Choi, Kyung-Ho,Kim, Pan-Gyi 한국환경보건학회 2008 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.34 No.4

Dialkylated phthalates have been commonly used as plasticizers and a variety of applications. Phthalate diesters have been shown to be developmental and reproductive toxicants. It is very difficult to exactly estimate the dose of dialkylated phthalates taken up by the general population because of environmental contamination. Urinary metabolites of phthalates enabled to estimate internal exposure. The objective of this study was quantitative determination of phthalate metabolites by LC/MS/MS with on-line cleanup method to analyze phthalate metabolites in Korean children's urine. We employed LC/MS/MS with on-line enrichment and column-switching techniques for this biological monitoring. Metabolites determined were 4 primary metabolites; MEHP, MnBP, MiBP, MEP and 2 secondary metabolites of DEHP; 5-OH-MEHP), 5-oxo-MEHP. We analyzed children's urine from 30 boys and 30 girls. The method detection limit of phthalate metabolites were 0.03 ng/mL for MEP, 1.05 ng/mL for MBP, 0.22 ng/mL for MEHP, 0.15 ng/mL for 5-OHMEHP and 0.16 ng/mL for 5-oxo-MEHP, respectively. Switching Column LC/MS/MS was proven to be a useful tool to determine metabolites of phthalate diesters in human urine. The correlation among phthalate metabolites was very high and statistically significant, except MEP. The children's age (months) was negatively correlated to the concentration of phthalate metabolites. The geometric mean concentration of phthalate metabolites (mg/g creatinine) in children's urine were 25.5 for MEP, 130.3 for MnBP, 56.8 for MiBP, 19.5 for MEHP, 85.6 for 5-OH-MEHP and 83.1 for 5-oxo-MEHP, respectively. Levels of estimated daily intake of parent phthalate compounds (${\mu}g$/kg bw/day) were 0.8 for DEP, 5.0 for DnBP, 1.9 for DiBP and $8.9{\sim}14.2$ for DEHP, respectively. Estimated daily intake for DEP and DiBP were lower than those of other studies but the value for DEHP was higher than that of other study.

조선업 용접작업자의 공기 중 총 망간 및 입경별 망간 농도와 혈중 망간농도에 관한 연구

박종수 ( Jong Su Park ),김판기 ( Pan Gyi Kim ),정지연 ( Jee Yeon Jeong ) 한국산업보건학회 2015 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Objectives: Welding is a major task in shipbuilding yards that generates welding fumes. A significant amount of welding in shipbuilding yards is done on steel. Inevitably, manganese is present in the base metals being joined and the filler wire being used and, consequently, in the fumes to which workers are exposed. The objective of this work was to characterize manganese exposure associated with work area, total and particle size-selective mass concentration, and compare the mass concentrations obtained using a three-piece cassette sampler, size-selective impactor sampler and blood manganese concentrations. Materials: All samples were collected from the main work areas at one shipbuilding yard. We used a three piece cassette sampler and the eight stage cascade impactor sampler for the airborne manganese mass concentration of total and all size fractions, respectively. In addition, we used the results of health examination of workers sampled for airborne manganese. Results: The oder of high concentration of airborne manganese in shipbuilding processes was as follows; block assembly, block erection, outfitting installation, steel cutting, and outfitting preparation. The percentages of samples that exceeded the OES of the ministry of employment and labor by the cassette sampling method was 12.5%, however 59.1% of sampled workers by the impactor sampling method exceeded the TLV of the ACGIH. Conclusions: Even though the manganese concentrations in blood of workers exposed to higher airborne manganese concentration were higher than among those exposed to lower concentrations, there was no difference in blood manganese concentrations among work duration. The data analyzed here by characterizing size-selective mass concentrations indicates that the inhaled manganese of welders in shipbuilding yards could be mostly manganese-containing respirable particle sizes.

안태음이 임신랫드와 태자에 미치는 영향

김창석,박해모,이선동,이장우,김판기,신헌태,Kim, Chang-Seok,Park, Hae-Mo,Lee, Sun-Dong,Lee, Jang-Woo,Kim, Pan-Gyi,Shin, Heon-Tae 한국환경보건학회 2007 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.33 No.4

This study have a object to found out the effects of oriental herb medicine, Antaeeum, to dams of rats and their offsprings. The Antaeeum was savaged to female Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks during gestation periods. Dams of rat were sacrificed at 20th day of gestation, and were observed major internal and reproductive organs. Approximately live fetuses in the 20th days of gestation were selected randomly and examined with stereo microscopes. Others offsprings were fixed with 95% ethanol for skeletal examinations. The fixed fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S to observe skeletal variations or malformations. Maternal body weight of Antaeeum treated dams have a tendency of increasing compared with control dams. There were no significant difference in internal and reproductive organs of weight or findings. The spleenic organ relative weight of treated dams were decreased compared with the control significaltly (p<0.05). There were no significant changes between two groups in blood chemistry and hematological values. There were no significant changes in number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetuses and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate and sex ratio. But in the Antaeeum treated group showed lower early resorption rate than that of the control dams. Fetal body weight and number of fetus a dam at Antaeeum treated group were higher than that of control group. The fetuses of dams treated with Antaeeum didn't induced external malformations. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Antaeeum group, but compared with the control, those variations were not significant. The ossification numbers of rib, cervical, thoracic, and lumber were normal. Fetuses treated with Antaeeum to the dams showed no significant difference in the number of caudal vertebra (P>0.01). From these results, it can be concluded that Antaeeum showed no toxicity effects on maternal side especially on body weight, early resorption rate, and number of live fetuses. Also there were no significant changes on maternal organ weights except spleen, hematological data, reproductive organs. Although skeletal variations were examined at vertebra and sternum, this Antaeeum could not induced significant choses in bone malformation.

교애사물탕이 랫드의 모체와 태자에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

김창석,박해모,신헌태,이장우,김경태,김판기,이선동,한상백,한용주,Kim, Chang-Seok,Park, Hae-Mo,Shin, Hun-Tae,Lee, Jang-Woo,Kim, Kyung-Tae,Kim, Pan-Gyi,Lee, Sun-Dong,Han, Sang-Baek,Hahn, Yong-Joo 대한예방한의학회 2006 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.10 No.2

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Gyoaesamultang in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with the Gyoaesamultang at dose of 5mg/kg/day for 20 days. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at 20th day of gestation, and observed internal and reproductive organs. Approximately, live fetuses in the 20th day of gestation were randomly selected and fixed in 95% ethanol. To observe skeletal malformations, fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S. Maternal body weight of Gyoaesamultang treated group has a tendency to increase compared to that of control group. There were no significant difference in internal and reproductive organs. There were no significant changes between two groups in blood chemistry and hematological values. There were no significant changes in number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetuses and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate and sex ratio. But Gyoaesamultang administered group showed lower early resorption rate than the control group. Neonatal body weight and number of fetus of Gyoaesamultang group were increased to that of control group. The fetuses of dams treated with Gyoaesamultang didn't showed external malformation. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Gyoaesamultang group but, compared to the control, those variations were insignificant. The number of ribs, cervical, thoracic, and lumber were normal. The number of sacral and caudal vertebrae were increased. Fetuses treated with Gyoaesamultang showed significant difference in the number of caudal vertebra(P<0.01). From these results, it can be concluded that Gyoaesamultang showed no toxicity effects on maternal body weight, early resorption rate, and number of live fetuses. There were no significant changes in organ weight, hematological data, reproductive organs. Although skeletal variations were showed in vertebrate and sternum, Gyoaesamultang were shown insignificant changes in bone malformation.

달생탕이 랫드의 모체와 태자에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

박해모,김창석,이선동,이장우,유재홍,김판기,Park, Hae-Mo,Kim, Chang-Seok,Lee, Sun-Dong,Lee, Jang-Woo,Ryu, Jae-Hong,Kim, Pan-Gyi 한국환경보건학회 2006 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.32 No.4

The experiments was undertaken to evaluate the effects of herbal medicine, Dalsaengtang, in pregnant rats and fetuses. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with the Dalsaengtang at dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 20 days. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at 20th day of gestation, and observed internal and reproductive organs. Approximately live fetuses in the 20th day of gestation were randomly selected and fixed in 95% ethanol. To observe skeletal malformations, fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S. Maternal body weight of dalsaengtang treated group has a tendency to increase compared to that of control group. The relative liver and kidney weights of dalsaengtang treated group were also increased to that of control group. There were no significant changes between two groups in blood chemistry and hematological values. There were no significant changes in number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetuses and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate and sex ratio. But Dalsaengtang administered group showed lower early resorption rate than the control group. From the sex ratio, number of females, bigger than number of males in the control group, and more males than females in Dalsaengtang administered group. Neonatal body weight and number of fetus of Dalsaengtang group were increased to that of control group. The fetuses of dams treated with Dalsaengtang didn't showed external malformation. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Dalsaengtang group but, compared to the control, those variations were insignificant. The number of ribs, cervical, thoracic, and lumber were normal. The number of sacral and caudal vertebrae were increased. Fetuses showed significant difference in the number of caudal vertebra (P<0.01). From these results, it can be concluded that Dalsaengtang showed no toxicity effects on maternal body weight, early resorption rate, and number of live fetuses. There were no significant changes in organ weight, hematological data, reproductive organs. Although skeletal variations were showed in vertebrate and sternum, Dalsaengtang did not shown significant changes in bone malformation.