여백의 역설적 발언 -김종삼 시의 근저

김영미 ( Kim Young-mee ) 국제어문학회 ( 구 국제어문학연구회 ) 2013 국제어문 Vol.57 No.-

전쟁의 상흔과 기억 속에 김종삼의 시는 놓여 있다. 하지만 그는 이를 정확히 그리고 제대로 말할 수 없었다. 전쟁과의 밀착된 거리에서 벗어날 수 없었기 때문이다. 김종삼의 시쓰기는 전쟁의 광포한 폭력 앞에서 말더듬과 실어, 혹은 다른 말로 드러내기이다. 이런 이유로 그를 절제와 고전주의자, 혹은 유미주의자로 일컫는 학계 또는 문단의 지배적 논의에 대한 의문에서 본고는 시작한다. 김종삼의 시는 말하고 싶지만 말할 수 없는 것으로 가득 차 있다. 그 내적 동인은 전쟁으로 비롯된 세계에 대한 공포다. 그는 과작의 시인이었다. 작품의 길이도 대체로 짧으며, 작품의 양도 많지 않다. 침묵의 세계를 거느리고 있다. 이 침묵은 그의 시에서 여백으로 구체화되어 되어 드러난다. 김종삼 시는 최소한의 언어만 남겨둔 채 여백으로 차 있다. 밀집된 언어로 의미를 구축해 나가는 시가 아니다. 그리고 그 여백은 적막하다. 노장(老莊)이나 선(禪)의 고답적인 것과는 다르다. 그가 현실을 드러내는 데에는 공포와 무력의 정신적 실어증이 작용했던 것으로 보인다. 그러므로 김종삼은 말하지 않음(또는 못함)의 말함, 곧 `불언(不言)의 언(言)`의 세계에 갇혀 있었던 시인이다. 그러나 그의 시가 주는 감동은 불행한 시대와 대면해야 했던 그의 고통이 그의 배면으로부터 언어를 뚫고 스며나오고 있다. 말하지 못한 바들이 그의 시 이면에서 되살아나는 것이다. 대상 또는 세계에 대한 그의 거부는 공포를 낳았고, 그것의 조심스러운 세상과의 말걸기가 그의 시라는 점에서 그 아픔을 공유할 수 있다는 사실은 역사의 한 위안이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 측면에서 김종삼 시와 역사의 상관성 문제는 보다 면밀한 검토를 요한다. 하지만 그의 닫힌 언어는 그런 점에서 하나의 한계다. 그로 말미암아 왜소한 형식과 난해의 관문이 소통을 막고 있기 때문이다. Kim, Jong-sam`s poems are placed within the scars and memories of war. Kim, however, could not directly express this because he could not escape the war laden streets. Kim, in the context of outrages of war, expresses poetry as if to stutter or to experience language loss, or express his feelings with incongruent words. For such reasons, the academic and literary circles` predominant consensus is that Kim is a moderate, a classicist, or an aestheticist. I would like to begin my paper by raising skepticism towards such overwhelming consensus. Kim`s poems overflow with the desire to express what is unexpressable. Such inner chaos is rooted in the fear of the world which is generated by war. He was an un-prolific poet in that he did not produce many works and of the few most were short. He wandered in the land of silence. In his poetry, the silence is expressed as empty space. The poet was overly frugal with words. Words were replaced with empty spaces. They filled the places where words did not. The emptiness manifests as a desolate space. His is unlike that of Lao-tzu and Zhuangzi or Dhyana. He is not concerned with the transcendent. It seems that a psychological mutism towards fear and violence played a major part in Kim`s manifesting reality in his work. The poet was imprisoned in a world of not-speaking(or rather unable to speak), in other words in a world of speaking in silence. Nevertheless, the afflictions of an unfortunate era pours out from the depths of his soul in the language of poetry. The things he could not express directly comes alive from the hidden side of his work. The rejection of objects or the world created fear. His poems are apprehensive attempts at starting a conversation with the world he rejected. In this regard, readers are able to share the historic scars with the poet, providing solace for the broken past. On the other hand, however, his confined language is a barrier to his work. The short length and convoluted content of his poetry causes obstruction to communication.

안서의 시학과 일본 체험

김영미(Kim Young-mee) 한국시학회 2010 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.29

Anseo (Kim-uk) showed adventures and collapses in beginning modem Korean poems. The adventures was deeply related to experiences in Japan. To him, Japan was the space that he was able to meet three languages. This experience was cubic and dynamic. He experienced meeting with Korean, Japanese, and other languages(English, French, Esperanto etc.) in Japan. Japan was the space that many languages were mixed, and therefore diverse chemical reactions were able to happen with other languages. To Anseo, Japan was the space that eastern languages and western languages were crash with, and come into being. Anseo's poetic wandering was begin with the ross of established linguistic system. This was strengthened the external space, Japan. From experiences in Japan, Anseo was able to produce his poetics. But he was shown to accept poetic experiences in japan, and at the same time to get out of them. This was the very difficult process. This process means groping for poetic possibility of Korean. The pursuit of beauty in poetic language, female voice for it, and the attainment of music by rhythm were strengthened in Japan. Anseo's poetics got accomplished at the point of contact that was the reception and refusal though the external space. Thus he was able to leave many poems and poetic theories. They are meaningful up today. To Anseo, Japan was the space of despair and suffering for finding poetic language. In there eastern and western poems met with each other, a poet experienced the agony or delight together.

Expression of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL in thymocytes during thymus regeneration

김영미,Hye Kyung Kim,Hyo Jin Kim,이희우,주성아,최범규,권병세,Bong-Seon Kim,Jae-Bong Kim,임영탁,윤식 생화학분자생물학회 2009 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.41 No.12

4-1BB, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor(TNFR) superfamily, is a major costimulatory receptorthat is rapidly expressed on the surface of CD4+ andCD8+ T cells after antigen- or mitogen-induced activation. The interaction of 4-1BB with 4-1BBL regulatesimmunity and promotes the survival and expansion ofactivated T cells. In this study, the expression of 4-1BBand 4-1BBL was examined during regeneration of themurine thymus following acute cyclophosphamideinducedinvolution. Four-color flow cytometry showedthat 4-1BB and 4-1BBL were present in the normal thymusand were preferentially expressed in the regeneratingthymus, mainly in CD4+CD8+ double-positive(DP) thymocytes. Furthermore, the CD4loCD8lo,CD4+CD8lo and CD4loCD8+ thymocyte subsets, representingstages of thymocyte differentiation intermediatebetween DP and single-positive (SP) thymocytes,also expressed 4-1BB and 4-1BBL during thymusregeneration but to a lesser degree. Interestingly,the 4-1BB and 4-1BBL positive cells among theCD4+CD8+ DP thymocytes present during thymus regenerationwere TCRhi and CD69+ unlike the correspondingcontrols. Moreover, the 4-1BB and 4-1BBLpositive cells among the intermediate subsets presentduring thymus regeneration also exhibited TCRhi/intand CD69+/int phenotypes, indicating that 4-1BB and4-1BBL are predominantly expressed by the positivelyselected population of the CD4+CD8+ DP and the intermediatethymocytes during thymus regeneration. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed the presenceand elevated levels of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL mRNAand protein in thymocytes during thymus regeneration. We also found that the interaction of 4-1BB with4-1BBL promoted thymocyte adhesion to thymic epithelialcells. Our results suggest that 4-1BB and4-1BBL participate in T lymphopoiesis associated withpositive selection during recovery from acute thymicinvolution.

유기인계 및 카바메이트계 농약의 고감수성 아세틸콜린에스테라이즈의 대량생산

김영미,김소미,조문제,Kim, Young-Mee,K., Cho,Cho, Moon-Jae 한국응용생명화학회 2003 한국농화학회지 Vol.46 No.4

본 실험에서는 acetylcholinesterase(AChE, EC 3.1.1.7)를 이용한 간이 잔류농약 검사법에 필요한, 유기인계 및 카바메이트계 살충제에 대한 감수성이 증가된 AChE(MAChE)를 baculovirus를 이용하여 대량으로 생산하는 시스템을 구축하고 생산된 효소의 특성을 관찰하였다. 한라산에서 채취한 초파리에서 AChE의 cDNA를 합성한 후 PCR을 이용하여 AChE의 lipid anchor부분을 제거하고 site directed mutagenesis에 의해 E107Y, F368L, L408E의 염기서열을 변화시켜 재조합된 MAChE cDNA를 합성하였고 baculovirus vector에 삽입하여 대량생산을 시도하였다. 대량 증식에 필요한 조건으로 감염횟수가 네 번일 때, 그리고 세포수가 $2{\times}10^6$ cell/ml일 때 세포의 증식과 효소의 활성이 극대화됨을 알 수 있었다. His tag을 붙여 Ni-NTA affinity column을 이용하여 MAChE를 정제하였으며, 정제된 효소는 실험조건하에서는 pH(3-10)와 온도$(20-50^{\circ}C)$의 변화에 영향을 받지 않았다. 농약 추출액으로 methanol을 사용했을 때가 ethanol을 사용할 때 보다 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 대표적인 유기인계와 카바메이트계 농약에 대한 저해율을 조사한 결과 재조합된 MAChE는 대만의 집파리 및 변형되지 않은 AChE에 비하여 전반적으로 농약에 대한 감수성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. For the simple rapid bioassay of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residues, a mass-production system of acetycholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7, MAChE) using baculovirus and insect cell culture was constructed. The cDNA for AChE was synthesized from Drosophila melanogaster in Halla Mountain, the lipid anchor tail was removed by PCR and was used for the site-directed mutagenesis of three amino acid residues (E107Y, F368L, L408F). The mutated cDNA was inserted into the baculovirus vector and expressed in insect cells. Maximum cell growth and enzyme activity were reached when the cells $(2{\times}10^6\;cell/ml)$ were infected four times at four-day-intervals. His-tag containing MAChE was purified using Ni-NTA column and used for characterization. The activity was maintained under various pHs (3-10) and temperatures $(20-50^{\circ}C)$ under experimental conditions. As an extraction solution for pesticides, methanol is more effective than ethanol. Against major organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, the MAChE showed better sensitivity than AChE and AChE from housefly (Taiwan).

베트남 결혼이주여성 부부의 임신·출산 및 양육준비를 위한 개별교육의 효과

김영미,조갑출,Kim, Youngmee,Cho, Kap-Chul 한국아동간호학회 2017 Child Health Nursing Research Vol.23 No.4

Purpose: The study was undertaken to see whether the culturally sensitive education for perinatal care using a face to face approach improves understanding of spouse's culture, knowledge of pregnancy and parenting skills, and self-efficacy among Korean husbands and Vietnamese wives. Methods: This study has a pre- and post-test study design conducted in a total of 13 couples who live in Seoul and agreed to participate. The education program consisted of lecture and hands on practice. The self-administered questionnaires and the checklist developed based on the educational purpose were used to assess the education effects. Results: The knowledge scores on Korean/Vietnamese culture, pregnancy and parenting skills as well as the performance scores on hand washing, pelvic strengthening, feedings and newborn bathing techniques were significantly improved in both husbands and wives after education, but pelvic floor exercises were improved only in wives. Conclusion: Overall, the individual education for culturally sensitive perinatal care was effective in our study participants.

소아혈액 종양환자의 요추천자 후 침상안정시간이 천자 후 두통에 미치는 영향

김영미,Kim, Yeong-Mi 대한간호협회 1997 대한간호 Vol.36 No.2

Bed rest is recommended to prevent postlumbar puncture headaches(PLPHA), but the period of bed rest varies in the literature from 6 hours to 24 hours. In clinical practice the period of bed rest varies but nursing methods for adults and children have little difference. In Seoul National University Hospital, children have been given at least 6 hours bed rest after a lumbar puncture. Pediatric oncology patients require a lumbar puncture for an initial diagnosis, follow up treatment or administration of chemotherapeutic agent. But it is difficult for young children to lie supine or to refrain from their usual activities in any way, and unpleasant problems related to a shortage of beds often occurs during discharge or in an outpatient setting. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the preventive effect of PLPHA by the period of bed rest, to identify the other factors that influence PLPHA, and to use the nursing methods proper to children. The subjects were 65 children, ages 1-17, undergoing treatment in the children's cancer center at SNUCH during the period June 1, 1995, to Aug. 31, 1995. The team nurses asked questions about PLPHA of the parents and children in order to fill out a questionnaire. The data were evaluated by percent, t-test, Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. Result; 1. There was no significant difference relating the bed rest time spent to the occurrence of postspinal headaches (t-test). 2. There was a significant risk of PLPHA in the children who were irritable before procedure and/or had experienced previous PLPHA(p<0.05, ${x^2}-test$). 3. The following factors were not found to be associated with increased risk of PLPHA: previous puncture experience, giving analgesics, the choice of puncturist, inpatient/outpatient status, gauge of needle, purpose, the amount of CSF removed, gender, diagnosis, the number of peripheral WBCs, previous lumbago experience after LP, position after bed rest, age, the number of aural puncture at the time. A longer period of bed rest is unlikely to be more effective to prevent PLPHA and seems impractical. A shorter period will save time and effort. Perhaps it will also allay some of the fears which surround LP. So 1 hour bed rest after LP is suggested and nursing methods for emotional support should be investigated to reduce PLPH.

아유르베다의 바타(Vata), 피타(Pitta), 카파(Kapha) 체질에 따른 피부 유형 조사 분석

김영미,최은영,장병수,Kim, Young-Mi,Choi, Eun-Young,Chang, Byung-Soo 대한예방한의학회 2009 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Objectives : This study was investigated to the relationship ayurvedic constitution and each skin hydration and pH. Methods : The questionaire survey and skin analysis of female students attending university located in Chugnam was carried out in order to assess skin types according to ayurvedic constituion such as vata, pitta and kapha. Data analysis were used describe statistics, ANOVA in Duncan's multiple comparative test and Pearson's correlation by SPSS. Skin hydration and pH was measured by Corneometer and skin-pH meter. Results : The results of this study are as follows. First, in terms of knowledge of ayurvedic constitutional types most students are not aware of that. Second, the most common constitution in the ayurveda medical system was pitta. Third, in the analysis of skin type by constitution of ayurveda, vata had dry skin while pitta and kapha tended to have more combination skin. However, this result didn't show any statistically significant difference either. Forth, the analysis of skin tone by constitution of ayurveda showed that vata was white, and pitta and kapha were just average. Discussion and Conclusion : The results of this study was shown that the difference between Korean and Indian, so we should develop effective diagnosis tool for Korean people. In the future, we expect that ayurvedic skin and body program developed by this study spread and practical use at esthetic industry and domain of esthetics in Korea.

단삼추출물의 Src-family Kinase 억제에 의한 항앨러지 효과

김영미,Kim, Young-Mi 대한약학회 2008 약학회지 Vol.52 No.5

In this study, the anti-allergic activity and mechanim of Salviae radix (SR) were investigated. The ethanol extract of SR showed significant inhibitory effect on degranulation from antigen-stimulated mast cells and it also inhibited the expression and secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-4 in antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. In the mast cell-mediated local animal allergy model, it suppressed the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in a dose-dependent manner. As its mechanism of action, SR inhibited the activating phosphorylation of Syk, a downstream signaling molecule of Src-family kinase, for the activation of mast cells. The results of the study indicate that the anti-allergic activity of SR is mediated by the inhibition of Src-family kinase in mast cells.

HOOCl-H₂O Cluster의 구조와 결합에너지에 대한 ab initio 연구

김영미,성은모,Kim, Young-Mi,Sung, Eun-Mo 대한화학회 2008 대한화학회지 Vol.52 No.3

HOOCl-H2O cluster에 대하여 안정한 구조와 결합에너지를 MP2/6-311G(d,p), MP2/6-311G(2d,2p)의 방법으로 계산하였고 vibrational frequency계산을 하여 HOOCl의 vibrational frequency와 비교하였다. Skew HOOCl-H2O cluster가 가장 안정한 cluster로 나타났고 결합에너지는 46~48 kJ/mol 정도이며 trans HOOCl-H2O cluster의 경우도 이보다 불안정하나 비교적 큰 결합에너지를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. The geometrical structure, binding energy and vibrational frequencies of HOOCl-H2O cluster were investigated with MP2/6-311G(d,p) and MP2/6-311G(2d,2p) methods. The most stable conformer is skew HOOCl-H2O cluster and the binding energy was 46~48kJ/mol. The trans HOOCl-H2O cluster is less stable than skew form, but the binding energy is big enough to stablize the complex. The vibrational frequencies of skew and trans HOOCl-H2O cluster were calculated and compared with the spectrum of HOOCl.

Induction of Cytotoxicity by HexamethyleneBisacetamide is Associated with the Activity of Telomerase in RBL-2H3 Cells

김영미,Kim Young Mi The Korean Society of Environmental Toxicology 2004 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.19 No.3

본 연구는 비만세포의 일종인 RBL-2H3 세포주에 대한 hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA)의 세포독성 유도 기전이 telomerase의 활성과 관계가 있다는 것에 대한 보고이다. RBL-2H3 세포주에 5mM HMBA를 처리시 그 세포주의 세포성장이 억제 되었다. 기전연구로서 HMBA는 telomerase활성을 억제 하였으며 RT-PCR에 의한 결과 telomerase mRNA발현의 억제에 의한 것이었다. Madl은 telomerase의 발현을 억제하는 억제인자로 잘 알려져 왔으며 이를 확인해본 결과 Madl은 발현은 유의성있게 증가 되었다. 이를 종합해보면, HMBA에 의한 RBL-2H3 세포주에 대한 세포독성은 Madl 발현의 증가에 따른 telomerase발현의 억제에 기인하는 것으로 밝혀졌다.