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Kim, Woon Ryoung,Park, Ok-hee,Choi, Sukwoo,Choi, Se-Young,Park, Soon Kwon,Lee, Kea Joo,Rhyu, Im Joo,Kim, Hyun,Lee, Yeon Kyung,Kim, Hyun Taek,Oppenheim, Ronald W.,Sun, Woong Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2009 The European journal of neuroscience Vol.29 No.7
<P>Abstract</P><P>A considerable number of new neurons are generated daily in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the adult hippocampus, but only a subset of these survive, as many adult-generated neurons undergo programmed cell death (PCD). However, the significance of PCD in the adult brain for the functionality of DG circuits is not known. Here, we examined the electrophysiological and behavioral characteristics of <I>Bax</I>-knockout (<I>Bax</I>-KO) mice in which PCD of post-mitotic neurons is prevented. The continuous increase in DG cell numbers in <I>Bax</I>-KO mice resulted in the readjustment of afferent and efferent synaptic connections, represented by age-dependent reductions in the dendritic arborization of DG neurons and in the synaptic contact ratio of mossy fibers with CA3 dendritic spines. These neuroanatomical changes were associated with reductions in synaptic transmission and reduced performance in a contextual fear memory task in 6-month-old <I>Bax</I>-KO mice. These results suggest that the elimination of excess DG neurons via <I>Bax</I>-dependent PCD in the adult brain is required for the normal organization and function of the hippocampus.</P>
Kim, Woon Ryoung,Sun, Woong The Korean Society of Developmental Biology 2013 발생과 생식 Vol.17 No.3
Neural stem cells are found in adult mammalian brain regions including the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). In addition to these two regions, other neurogenic regions are often reported in many species. Recently, the subcallosal zone (SCZ) has been identified as a novel neurogenic region where new neuroblasts are spontaneously generated and then, by Bax-dependent apoptosis, eliminated. However, the development of SCZ in the postnatal brain is not yet fully explored. The present study investigated the precise location and amount of neuroblasts in the developing brain. To estimate the importance of programmed cell death (PCD) for SCZ histogenesis, SCZ development in the Bax-knockout (KO) mouse was examined. Interestingly, an accumulation of extra neurons with synaptic fibers in the SCZ of Bax-KO mice was observed. Indeed, Bax-KO mice exhibited enhanced startle response to loud acoustic stimuli and reduced anxiety level. Considering the prevention of PCD in the SCZ leads to sensory-motor gating dysfunction in the Bax-KO mice, active elimination of SCZ neuroblasts may promote optimal brain function.
Functional Test Scales for Evaluating Cell-Based Therapies in Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury
Kim, Woon Ryoung,Kang, Minjin,Park, Heejoo,Ham, Hyun-Joo,Lee, Hyunji,Geum, Dongho Hindawi 2017 Stem cells international Vol.2017 No.-
<P>Recently, spinal cord researchers have focused on multifaceted approaches for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, as there is no cure for the deficits produced by SCI, various therapeutic strategies have been examined using animal models. Due to the lack of standardized functional assessment tools for use in such models, it is important to choose a suitable animal model and precise behavioral test when evaluating the efficacy of potential SCI treatments. In the present review, we discuss recent evidence regarding functional recovery in various animal models of SCI, summarize the representative models currently used, evaluate recent cell-based therapeutic approaches, and aim to identify the most precise and appropriate scales for functional assessment in such research.</P>
Programmed cell death during postnatal development of the rodent nervous system
Kim, Woon Ryoung,Sun, Woong Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Development, growth & differentiation Vol.53 No.2
<P>During development, elimination of excess cells through programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for the establishment and maintenance of the nervous system. In many brain regions, development and major histogenesis continue beyond postnatal stages, and therefore, signs of neurogenesis and PCD are frequently observed in these postnatal brain regions. Furthermore, some brain regions maintain neurogenic potential throughout life, and continuous genesis and PCD play critical roles in sculpting these adult neural circuits. Although similar regulatory mechanisms that control PCD during development appear to also control PCD in the adult brain, adult‐generated neurons must integrate into mature neural circuits for their survival. This novel requirement appears to result in unique features of PCD in the adult brain. In this article, we summarize recent findings related to PCD in the early postnatal and adult brain in rodents.</P>
Woon Ryoung Kim,Woong Sun 한국발생생물학회 2013 발생과 생식 Vol.17 No.3
Neural stem cells are found in adult mammalian brain regions including the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). In addition to these two regions, other neurogenic regions are often reported in many species. Recently, the subcallosal zone (SCZ) has been identified as a novel neurogenic region where new neuroblasts are spontaneously generated and then, by Bax-dependent apoptosis, eliminated. However, the development of SCZ in the postnatal brain is not yet fully explored. The present study investigated the precise location and amount of neuroblasts in the developing brain. To estimate the importance of programmed cell death (PCD) for SCZ histogenesis, SCZ development in the Bax-knockout (KO) mouse was examined. Interestingly, an accumulation of extra neurons with synaptic fibers in the SCZ of Bax-KO mice was observed. Indeed, Bax-KO mice exhibited enhanced startle response to loud acoustic stimuli and reduced anxiety level. Considering the prevention of PCD in the SCZ leads to sensory-motor gating dysfunction in the Bax-KO mice, active elimination of SCZ neuroblasts may promote optimal brain function.
Effect of dentate gyrus disruption on remembering what happened where
Kim, Woon Ryoung,Lee, Jong Won,Sun, Woong,Lee, Sung-Hyun,Choi, June-Seek,Jung, Min Whan Frontiers Media S.A. 2015 Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience Vol.9 No.-
<P>Our previous studies using Bax knockout (Bax-KO) mice, in which newly generated granule cells continue to accumulate, disrupting neural circuitry specifically in the dentate gyrus (DG), suggest the involvement of the DG in binding the internally-generated spatial map with sensory information on external landmarks (spatial map-object association) in forming a distinct spatial context for each environment. In order to test whether the DG is also involved in binding the internal spatial map with sensory information on external events (spatial map-event association), we tested the behavior of Bax-KO mice in a delayed-non-match-to-place task. Performance of Bax-KO mice was indistinguishable from that of wild-type mice as long as there was no interruption during the delay period (tested up to 5 min), suggesting that on-line maintenance of working memory is intact in Bax-KO mice. However, Bax-KO mice showed profound performance deficits when they were removed from the maze during the delay period (interruption condition) with a sufficiently long (65 s) delay, suggesting that episodic memory was impaired in Bax-KO mice. Together with previous findings, these results suggest the role of the DG in binding spatial information derived from dead reckoning and nonspatial information, such as external objects and events, in the process of encoding episodic memory.</P>
Moon, Younghye,Kim, Joo Yeon,Kim, Woon Ryoung,Kim, Hyun Jung,Jang, Min Jee,Nam, Yoonkey,Kim, Kyungjin,Kim, Hyun,Sun, Woong AlphaMed Press 2013 Stem cells Vol.31 No.8
<P>Throughout life, newly generated neuroblasts from the subventricular zone migrate toward the olfactory bulb through the rostral migratory stream. Upon brain injury, these migrating neuroblasts change their route and begin to migrate toward injured regions, which is one of the regenerative responses after brain damage. This injury-induced migration is triggered by stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1) released from microglia near the damaged site; however, it is still unclear how these cells transduce SDF1 signals and change their direction. In this study, we found that SDF1 promotes the phosphorylation of ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins, which are key molecules in organizing cell membrane and linking signals from the extracellular environment to the intracellular actin cytoskeleton. Blockade of ERM activation by overexpressing dominant-negative ERM (DN-ERM) efficiently perturbed the migration of neuroblasts. Considering that DN-ERM-expressing neuroblasts failed to maintain proper migratory cell morphology, it appears that ERM-dependent regulation of cell shape is required for the efficient migration of neuroblasts. These results suggest that ERM activation is an important step in the directional migration of neuroblasts in response to SDF1-CXCR4 signaling following brain injury.</P>
조기 및 후기 산후출혈의 혈관조영술 소견 및 초선택적 동맥색전술의 치료 효과
김재령 ( Jae Ryoung Kim ),조영권 ( Young Kwon Cho ),김혜민 ( Hye Min Kim ),최은주 ( Eun Joo Choi ),김대운 ( Dae Woon Kim ),서용수 ( Yong Soo Seo ),이진용 ( Jin Yong Lee ),박원일 ( Won Il Park ) 대한산부인과학회 2009 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.52 No.1
목적: 자궁동맥색전술은 산후출혈의 치료에 이미 보편적으로 이용되고 있다. 그러나 조기 및 후기 산후출혈에서 동맥조영술상의 차이가 있는지는 아직 잘 알려지지 않았다. 본 연구의 목적은 조기 및 후기 산후출혈에서 동맥조영술상의 차이가 있는지를 규명하고 자궁동맥색전술의 산후출혈의 치료효과를 확인하는 것이다. 연구 방법: 산후출혈로 동맥색전술을 시행받은 12명의 환자의 의무기록과 동맥조영술 사진을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 출혈시간, 분만방법, 치료효과, 동맥조영술 소견을 일차적 분석항목으로 정하였다. 결과: 12명 중 11명에서 초선택적 색전술로 효과적 지혈이 가능했다. 1명은 양수색전증과 범발성 혈관내응고로 사망하였다. 혈관조영술상 조기 산후출혈에서 자궁적출술을 받지 않은 5명 모두에서 자궁 크기가 커져있는 자궁이완증의 소견이 관찰되었고 후기 산후출혈에서는 5예 모두에서 거짓동맥류가 확인되었다. 결론: 초선택적 색전술은 효과적인 산후출혈의 치료법이다. 후기 산후출혈의 경우는 거짓동맥류가 중요한 원인으로 생각된다. Objective: Treatment of postpartum bleeding with uterine artery embolization has been well-described so far. However, angiographic differences between early and late postpartum bleeding has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate angiographic differences between early and late postpartum bleeding and therapeutic effect of superselective embolization. Methods: Medical records and angiographic images of 12 patients (7 early and 5 late) with postpartum bleeding were evaluated. Timing of bleeding, mode of delivery, angiographic findings and treatment outcome were primary variables evaluated. Results: Among 12 patients, 11 patients had been successfully treated with superselective embolization. One patient with amniotic fluid embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation had expired. Among the early postpartum bleeding, uterine atony was found in every patients except post-cesarean hysterectomy cases. Pseudoaneurysm of uterine artery was found in all patients with late postpartum bleeding. Conclusion: Superselective embolization is an effective method to control postpartum bleeding. Pseudoaneurysm of uterine artery is a main cause of late postpartum bleeding.