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Ernest Barker의 民主主義觀 小考 : In Relation to Ernest Barker's View
이극찬 연세대학교 대학원 1973 延世論叢 Vol.10 No.1
As we know well, democracy has been the common watchword in two great world wars. The voctory of World War I (November, 1918) was said to be the victory of democracy. And the common aim of the Allied Powers in World War II, as formulated by Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin at the Teheran Conference (December, 1943) was the establishment of "a world family of democratic nations". The declaration of Yalta and Potsdam stressed the same principle: The Great Powers annonuced their intention of "meeting the political and economic problems of liberated Europe in accordance with democratic principles". Did they mean the same by "democracy" when they used these words in theme declarations? Did they only agree on the words, or did they agree on substance? Unhappily, the people of the wrold have never been more conscions of conflicts of convictions than in the year after World War II. Few words have played a greater role in these conflicts than the word "democracy" Does it cover one and the same meaning to all and everybody? One of the most significant findings of the discussion of democracy after World War II is its conclusion that every nation now claims to be a democarcy, and so we can say that we are living in the age of confused democracy. It will be necessary, therefore, to define it, to attach to the word a sufficiently precise meaning. In this article, I attempted to analyze the problems of democratic government in accordance with the political ideas of Ernest Barker, the great political thinker, in England. The following is the contents of this article. I. Preface II. The nature and preconditions of democracy, III. Democracy and tis internal and external difficulties. IV. Amendments to domocracy V. Conclusion.
後進地域과 民主主義 : Indonesia의 「敎導民主主義」를 中心으로 Particularly in relation to a Guided Democracy in Indonesia
李克燦 연세대학교 대학원 1962 延世論叢 Vol.1 No.2
One characteristic of world history after Second World War can be seen in the fact that democracy has nearly the common property of all mankind rather than some special kind of plant that grows only in the soil of certain specific countries. Accordingly most newly emerging Afro-Asian nations, liberated from the great power's imperialism, were inevitably drawn into democracy at the high tide of a world trend in that direction not by their free choice. But must countries in underdeveloped regions could not enjoy the Western historical background which produced the democratic form of government. In other words: the Greco Roman-oriented overthrow of the feudal system, the Renaissance and Reformation, modern labour and social movements, extension of franchise and the spread of education, the feminist movement, the recent struggle for the realization of the welfare state. While Western nations developed democracy with this traditional biography. most countries in underdeveloped regions have had an entirely different historical tradition. And so, there are so many conditions, material and spiritual, that hinder the development of democratic government in those countries. For example, communalism, provincialism, a very complicated ethnic structure, language's problems, flagrant inequality in wealth, high illiteracy rate, lack of middle class, efficient elite and tolerance etc, are those conditions. Therefore, the flower of democracy was not full blown in most underdeveloped countries, on the contrary, most democratic governments in those countries were finally overthrown by military revolution or one-man dictatorship regime and the functions of democracy were simultaneously suspended. But it is noticeable that some countries take a peculiar from of democratic government, such as a Basic Democracy in Pakstan or a Guided Democracy in Indonesia. In this article, I tried to examine the problems of democacy in underdeveloped countries, particularly in relation to a Guided Democracy, a peculiar from of democratic goverment, in Indonesia. The following is the contents of this article. 1) Preface 2) Indonesia and Western Parliamentary democracy. A) Conditions essential to the success of parliamentary democracy. B) Conditions that hinder the development of democratic government in Indonesia 3) Indonesia and a Guided Democracy. A) Background and origin of a Cuided Democracy. B) Structure of a Guided Democracy. C) A Guided Democracy and Guided Economy. 4) Prospects for democracy in Underdeveloped Countries.