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부정당업자제재와 계약금액조정제도에 근거한 공공조달계약의 공법적 특수성
황준화 ( Hwang Joon Hwa ),정영철 ( Jung Young Chul ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2019 법학논총 Vol.43 No.1
계약자유의 원칙에 의한 사법의 범주로 파악하여 공공조달계약을 사법상 계약으로 파악하는 대법원 판례에 의하더라도 공공조달계약이 행정청의 공적 과제실현의 수단이라는 점에서 공공성의 실현을 목적으로 하는 공법상 성질도 함께 갖고 있다. 국가계약법에서 이러한 공법적 특수성이 반영된 규정 중에서 부정당업자 제재규정과 물가변동에 따른 계약금액조정제도가 대표적인 예에 해당한다. 공정한 조달행정질서 확립을 위하여 행정청은 계약상대자에게 부정당업자 제재의 침익적 처분을 할 수 있고, 계약금액조정규정을 통하여 민법상의 사정변경원칙을 원용하여 약자인 계약상대방의 이익을 보호할 수 있다. 이두 가지 제도는 국가계약법에 기준과 절차를 규정하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 전형적인 공법상의 행정행위라는 점에서, 또한 계약상대방의 청구로 발생하는 기속행위적 성격을 띤 강행규정이라는 점에서 강한 공법적 성질을 가진다고 볼 수 있다. 그러므로 부정당업자 제재가 침익적 제재를 통하여 공정성을 준수하고 계약금액조정규정은 합리적인 예산을 집행한다는 측면에서 공공성실현의 공법적 성질을 가지므로 공법상 계약으로서의 공공조달계약의 법적 성격이 더욱 강조되어야 할 것이다. Even under the Supreme Court’s case of identifying the National Contracts Act as a private legal system and public procurement contracts as private contracts based on the principle of contract freedom, the public procurement contract has the nature of a public law in that public procurement contracts are a means for the administration to implement public tasks. Among the provisions that reflect this specificity of a public law in the National Contracts Act the penalties imposed by fraudulent parties and the contract amount adjustment system for price changes are typical and exemplary. In order to establish a fair procurement administrative order, the administrative agency can make an intrusive disposal of fraudulent party sanctions against the counterparty and protect the interests of the weak by using the private law’s principles of changing the circumstances through the contract amount adjustment regulation. These two systems have a strong specificity of a public law in that they have not only standard and procedures stipulated in the National Contracts Act, but the penalties imposed by fraudulent parties are typical administrative acts of a public law and also in that the contract amount adjustment system is a forced rule in the form of a subjunctive nature that arises from the application of the parties to the contract. Therefore, the legal nature of public procurement contracts as public legal contracts should be emphasized further under the public law as they have the legal nature of public performance in that they comply with fairness through invasive sanctions and the contract amount adjustment regulations have reasonable execution of budgets.
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면역조직화학염색법을 이용한 흉막의 악성중피종과 전이성 선암의 감별진단
고경행 ( Kyung Haeng Ko ),박창민 ( Chang Min Park ),임명수 ( Myung Soo Rim ),김유일 ( Yoo Il Kim ),장일권 ( Il Gweon Jang ),황준화 ( Joon Hwa Hwang ),임성철 ( Sung Chul Lim ),김영철 ( Young Chul Kim ),박경옥 ( Kyung Ok Park ),박 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 1999 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.47 No.4
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김영철,박경옥,이정훈,박종춘,강광원,김준우,황준화,장일권,박형관,박창환 대한내과학회 1997 대한내과학회지 Vol.53 No.4
Hepatopulmonary syndrome consists of a triad of liver dysfunction, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation, and hypoxemia. This is one of the main causes of arterial hypoxemia in patients with chronic liver disease. The vascular abnormalities are precapillary dilatation, direct arterial-venous communication, and dilated pleural vessels. In this article, we report a case of hepatopulmonary syndrome in a 62-year-old woman who had complained progressively worsening dyspnea, platypnea, and orthodeoxia. She had huge splenomegaly, clubbing fingers and cyanosis of lip and fingers. Arterial blood gas analysis showed refractory arterial hypoxemia and orthodeoxia suggesting right-to-left $quot;shunting$quot;. Chest X-ray showed increased interstitial markings on the lower part of right lung, In ^(99m)Tc-labeled macroaggregated albumin (MAA) lung perfusion scan, there was no perfusion defect in the lung, but labeled radionuclide were taken up in the intraabdominal organs, kidney, liver and spleen. The amount of shunted radionuclide were about 58 percent. In contrast echocardiography, microbubbles which were injected via cephalic vein were visualized in the left atrium at 4 cardiac cycles after leaving the right ventricle indicating intrapulmonary right-to-left $quot;shunting$quot; rather than intracardiac shunt. Pulmonary angiographic finding revealed diffuse blotchy arterial dilatation on both lung fields, especially lower lobes of both lungs. Current modalities of treatment of hepatopulmonary syndrome are the therapeutic embolization of direct arterial-venous communication for focal vascular dilatations, and TIPSS (Transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt) or liver transplantation for diffuse intrapulmonary vascular dilatations. Despite our recommendation of TIPSS, she refused the procedure and is under home oxygen therapy.
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