성교육 담당교사의 성역할 고정관념적 태도에 관한 연구

황은자 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구소 1987 여성학논집 Vol.4 No.-

초록없음

성교육 담당교사의 성역할고정관념적 태도에 관한 연구

황은자 가톨릭대학교 학생생활상담소 1988 聖心生活 Vol.7 No.-

성교육 담당교사들의 성역할 고정관념적인 태도는 평균의 차이검중(특히 일원변량분석과 3-way 변량분석 )을 통하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 및 시사점을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대부분의 교사들은 전통적인 성역할 고정관념적인 태도를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 남자교사들이 여자교사들보다 더 보수적이며, 고연령 교사일수록, 그리고 기흔교사일수록 전통적인 성역할 고정관념이 강하게 나타난다. 이와같은 사회-인구학적인 변인에 따른 태도의 변화는 성역할 고정관념의 세영역별로도 동일하게 나타나 성, 연령, 혼인상태는 성역할 태도에 중요변수로 작용하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 성역할 고정관념의 세가지 영역간의 상관관계가 매우 높게 나타났으며, 전체 성역할 고정관념에 대한 각 영역의 상관관계 또한 높게 나타났다. 특히 성별분업에 대한 고정관념적 측면의 전체에 대한 상관계수가 가장 높게 나타난 것은 성역할 태도 형성에 결정적인 영향력을 미칠 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 셋째, 세가지 영역을 평점평균으로 분석해 볼 때, ‘생’에 대한 고정관념적 측면이 가장 높고 (평점평균 2.95) , 성별분업에 대한 고정관념 (2.86) , 심리적 성차에 대한 고정관념 (2.77) 의 순으로 나타났으며, 대체로 순결이데올로기와 노동의 공사 구분의식이 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과는 성교육이 가부장제의 여성 성통제와 노동통제의 수단으로 이용될 높은 가능성을 나타내 주는 것으로 해석된다. 그러나 교육의 미래지향적이고 발전적인 특성을 살려 성교육의 쇄신작업이 가능하다고 판단되며 이를 위해서는 교사 재교육과 성교육의 체계적인 운영과 지속적인 연구가 요청된다. 본 연구의 결과는 성교육이 성역할 고정관념의 사회화에 중요한 기제로 기능하고 있음을 밝히고, 미약하나마 성역할 고정관념을 세가지 측면으로 나누어 분석하므로써 성교육이 가부장제의 여성에 대한 성과 노동의 통제수단으로써 이용될 가능성이 크다는 것을 발견하였다. 그러나 본 연구의 주된 관심은 성교육 담당교사들이 성역할 고정관념을 어느 정도 인식하고 있는가를 파악하여 학생들에게 미칠 영향에 있었기 때문에 여성의 성과 노동통제의 수단으로써의 성교육의 기능분석에는 한계를 가지며, 이를 위해서는 구체적인 성교육 현장에 대한 관찰과 성(sexuality)에 대한 심충분석이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 결국 성교육 담당교사들은 고정관념적인 성역할 태도를 갖고 있으므로 의식적이건 무의식적이건 학생들과의 상호작용 속에서 표출되어 학생들에게 영향을 미칠 것이 확실하다. 인간으로서 가지고 있는 모든 잠재력을 십분 발휘하여 완전한 인격체를 키워 나간다는 견지에서 교사들의 남녀평틍에 대한 재인식이 절실히 요청된다. 교사들의 의식화를 위해서는 남녀평등적인 교사재교육 프로그램이 실시되어야 하며, 기존의 성교육지침서에 대한 내용분석을 통해 고정관념적인 성격을 탈피하여야 하며, 끊임없는 연구를 하여 남성중심적인 과학의 신비를 벗기는데 주력해야 함을 재차 강조한다.

도시 저소득층 여성의 자립과 조직활동 : "Hana Women's Association"of Y-dong in Seoul 서울시 M구 Y동<하나여성회>를 중심으로

윤향헌,황은자 이화여대 한국여성연구소 1995 여성학논집 Vol.12 No.-

The present paper explores organizational activities of underprivileged women for their self-help, which were carried out for some 10 years, 1984 to 1994. The main target group of this study was members of “Hana Women's Association”established for underprivileged women who were residing at a slum area in Seoul. The study is laaargely based on a long-term on-the spot suveys as mentioned above. A new approach was adopted for this study: i.e. the bottom-up method instead of the up-bottom social scientific method. In other words, the survey was conducted centering on the target women, thus aoo activities ranged from forming a rapport between reaearchers and the group to selecting cotents of programs for their activities are initiated by the women. It was the first attempt of its kind in Korea for women's self-help. In doing so, Korean Women's Institute set up “the 2nd Social Welfare Center of Ewha Womans University”at the community for the purpose. Various programs such as meetiongs of “Hana Women's Association”;“Hana Study Rooms” for elementary and secondary school children of members of the association; economic activities for generating family incomes; “Open hearing meetings for residents on the Housing Improvement Project”, “Vaccinations for the communtiy children,”“General health checkups for the community residents,”“Educational programs for parents”,“Taedong-nori(Festival) for the youths of Y-dong”,and so forth were carried out centering around the center. Findings observed through past activities may be summarized as follows: First, in their childhood, the underprivileged women were always in the position fo the weak exploited in the process of industrialization. Their economic distress pushed them into joining in marriage, namely a semi-forced marriage. However, such a marriage and conjugal life soon turned out to be another oppressiona and bonds for them. Therefore, they can be said to be scapegoats in this patriarchal capitalist society. Secondly, they are consistently suffering from economic difficulties because of their unstable employments caused by lack of qualifications as a labor force-low-schooling and unskilled labor. Their husbands are also engaged in unstable jobs such as daily manual workers, etc. Accordingly, the women have to share economic burdens with their husbands more than any other social classes, and, indeed, housewives' contribution to their family subsistance is considerable. Thirdly, the underprivileged women frequently experience frustrations from their lack of self-confidence and low social status accrued by three factors-a woman, low-education, and low income, but they live with hopes for the future by projecting their discouraged dreams on their children's education and rearing. Fourthly, they have open social relationships with neighbors in general. They found kye(a traditional mutual loan club came down from ancient Korea) with neighboring women to share common emotions at the occasions of congratulations and condolences as well as to save up a certain amount of money. Thus the club porvides an kind of mutual aid system to help them financially and psychologically. Fifthly, it is true that an organizational activity of women is a good method of stimulating them to recover their lost self-worth, although such activities are regarded as a startup point for women's empowerment in politics, especially in this local self-government era, which can provide a reception desk for solving various community problems more officially. As this survey shows, organizations for the underprivileged are very needed for those women who are alienated by this highly academic background oriented society, because the organization can work as a supporting foundation for them. Sixthly, a woman's problems cannot be treated as a certain individual woman's private ones. They cannot be separated from family and other mixed problems. In an organization of underprivileged women, approaches to solve their family problems, esp. those of children's education are very important and form a centripetal force for their organizational activities. Seventhly, the solidarity of members of an organization can be increased by overcoming members' family-oriented minds and by awakening the organized power. In other words, the women became gradually considered the organization of “Hana Women's Associaion”as a solid background to complement their handicaps and to reinforce their power. Their activities attracted many attentions of the community, and such valuable experiences encouraged their sense of belongings; and the organization became an important asset for them to gain self-confidence by surmounting their inferiority complex. It took many years to reach this phase, but if programs were efficiently modulated so as to be conducted more autonomously by a target group, the period could be shortened. Thereafter a communal consciousness can be raised and strengthened among the women through various activities for the outside world as well as the community. Eighthly, in order to achieve a real woman's self-help, most of all, psychological/mental self-reliance involving conquering the sense of inferiority as socialized victims in this society should be preceded prior to economic self-help. In this context, the psychological self-reliance implies restoring self-confidence and controlling their lives. Conclusively, organizational activities by women and for women in urban poor areas would be most effective if they were implemented along with an ideal of actualizing women's humanization from women-centered perspectives. Ⅰ. 서 론 1. 연구목적 및 연구방법 2. 연구대상 개관 Ⅱ. 지역여성조직의 형성과 활동 1. 지역여성 조직의 형성 2. 활동내용 Ⅲ. 조직활동에서 나타난 저소득층 여성의 변화과정 Ⅳ. 종합논의 및 제언 참고문헌 부록 : 하나여성회 공동경제활동 요약 영문초록

성교육 지침서 분석을 통해 본 성 이중성

황은자(Hwang Eun-Ja) 한국여성학회 1993 한국여성학 Vol.9 No.1

저소득층 여성의 경제적 자립을 위한 행동연구(ACTION RESEARCH) : Hana Women's Association of Y-dong in Seoul M구 Y동 '하나여성회'를 중심으로

황은자,윤양헌 이화여대 한국여성연구소 1991 여성학논집 Vol.8 No.-

The purpose of the present action was to conduct develop programs that would promote the ability of economic self-helf for underprivilegeed women suffering a dual burden of sexual and class inequality. The participating group was members of Hana Women's Association and their family who agreed to the intentions of this action research, all of whom were residents of 41, Y-dong, M-ku in Seoul. The Y-dong 41 bolc is an urban poor island characterized by crowded and typically poor residential environment. Most of the women were engaged in home-based income earning activities such as pasting envelops, sewing shoes and children's clothes. They shared most characteristics of informal sector economic activities, low payment, simple manual labor, free work schedule, and “the Oya system,”the informal network headed by an oya who procided the work opportunities and earned from what the workers did. In the“Oya system”chain which is divided into many stages and consequently distributes earnings to many middlemen, the workers cannot be properly rewarded. This action research tried to develop programs for communal economic activities to be able to receive working material and obtain benefits directly from factories skipping the middle stages of the Oya system. In such a way the poor women were expected to be more fairly paid and to develop a community which would be a basis for their empowerment. In this research, a feminist approach was employed, which emphasized a cooperative participarion of researchers and target women in the action research at an equal position. This action research was a part of a long-term community project that had implemented by Korean Women's Institute since 1984. The program from April 1987 to March 1991 was focused on achieving economic independence. During the period, the researchers tried to collect/listen opinions of the residents and reflect them on the programs before the communal economic activities were launched. For this purpose, various activities were accompanied, such as workshops for community women, small group meetings, health care for residents by Ewha medical team, day-care center (kindergarten), study rooms, and health education. A series of programs were conducted for economic self-help:management of ku-p'anjang(community cooperative shop), vocational educations for part-time housemaid, walling skills, paper-clay handicrafts, and sweater-linking, and production of goods to sell. Most of these endeavors have benefited a few womne but not others. The women participants lost interest easily when their products did not sell well or when jobs were not easily found. However, the women's association has become richer out of the savings of the workers, and the members have gradually become conscious of their communal interest. However, this action research was not free of shortcomings. They can be summarized as follows: First is methodological problem. With no precedent experience of action research like this and no detailed guidelines, the researchers had to make many trials and errors, which must have impact on the whole project. Secondly, administrative problems on overall programs can be pointed out. In the first place, the notion of“poor/poverty”was not clear for the researchers, which led them to bear charitable or philanthropic attitudes toward the target women unconsciously and unintentionally. In particular, the financial support of the institute(KWI) for their economic activities decisively served to foster their sense of dependency, even though it was small. The third problem was on respective economic programs. Inevitably there weretrials and errors caused by taking action without proper plans, knowledge/understanding as well as sufficient experience on the current market situation. Furthermore, the researchers tended to depend upon decisions made by the women who were also insensitive to outer world to direct the programs. And the individualistic interest in money by the participants often discouraged the sense of community. However, more importantly, for some women self-confidence and self-satisfaction were valuable out come prior to making money for their family. From these experiences,the researchers became realized that mental/psychological self-reliance should be crucial. Consequently, for underprivileged women's self-help, mental/psychological independence should be established before economic self-help, only when one becomes a real center of her life in self-confidence. In short, the action research project gave ??? that programs to promote women's mental/psycholocal self-reliance or consciousness-raising should be further strengthened and should precede economic self-help programs for the poor women. A combined empowerment programs of economic and psychological independence, if possible, may be preferable.

한반도내 황사발생의 기상학적 guideline 제시

문윤섭,황은자,이승환 한국대기환경학회 2006 한국대기환경학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

여성빈곤의 실태와 극복방안 : 도시 저소득층 여성을 중심으로 With Special Reference to Underprivileged Women in Urban Areas

이배용,박진숙,황은자,정현숙,이제진 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 1996 여성학논집 Vol.13 No.-

Since the 1960's, the rapid industrialization of Korea has been propelled full-scale by a handful of big business groups and effort- oriented trade, which has resulted in external and quantitative economic growth, but has also produced problems of poverty arising out of the unequal distribution of wealth. Industrialization led to impoverishment in rural areas and stimulated migration by the rural population to urban areas, who were marginalized, excluded from public sectors of labor market and led lives of poverty. In this context, a number of young Korean women were employed in the industrial sector as low waged and unskilled laborers to support their families. Women workers from poor families had to participate in economic activities from their youth in order to avoid "absolute poverty" and they grew up with economic, cultural, and educational limitations. After marriage, they still played crucial roles to maintain their poor families by taking charge of whole family subsistence, and/or trying to generate family income through part- time jobs. However, up to the present, academic concerns as well as governmental support for the underprivileged women have been limited. This study was started with this critical factor of women's rote in urban poor families in mind. It examines the women's conditions and how they can actively overcome their poverty, so as to lead qualitatively better lives, particularly through organizational activities. This paper, in the first place, surveys theories and research results on issues of poverty and various anti- poverty measures adopted by foreign countries such as U.K., USA, Germany, Japan, Taiwan and Singapore. Issues such as "feminization of poverty" and the "culture of poverty" are also discussed. Furthermore, existing research on poverty, including women's poverty in Korea, were examined to identify problems which have not been conceptualized so far. Genera1 living conditions of the poor were surveyed with emphasis on their unstable living conditions. Socio- economic and sexual discrimination were discussed in connection with the lives of underprivilged women. Alternatives were sought to solve the poverty problem. Women's organizations that have spontaneously formed in underprivileged areas and their communal economic activities were examined. The latter especially have turned out to be rewarding for those women who have only limited economic opportunities. It was not only helpful to them to generate income for their families, but also to realize the value of their labor, while having the pleasant experience of working together. Futhermore, through organizational activities, their communal consciousness and self-consciousness as women was promoted and their familial relationships were also altered for the better. Women could thus acquire self-confidence and become psychologically self-reliant members of their organization. These results show us tha4 women's organizations, especially those established in poor areas, are significant for the members, because they work as self-help groups preventing them from falling into pauperism in a situation where a relevant social welfare system is absent. Lastly, vocational traiillng programs and the rehabilitation funding system were examined and alternatives for re-vitalizing communal activities for women's organizations in poor communities were suggested as follows : Firstly, various communal economic activities, based on diverse aspects of women's lives, are needed. In doing so, Government should endeavor to construct a network between underprivileged women's organizations including their communal economic activity groups and "small and poor enterprises" which may employ them as well as provide workplaces for their communal activities. Also financial support by the Government, such as a rehabilitation fund which will be crucial for successfully implementing their small scale communal economic activities and/or loans in the long-term. Secondly, established vocational training programs should be reinforced. In order that vocational training programs may be functioned as an effective system of supporting the self-help groups of underprivileged women, more training programs should be developed and provided, based on an understanding of their lives and desires. In addition, for stimulating their positive/active participation in these programs, the following factors should be taken into account, i.e., educational/training programs should be held at welfare centers or women's centers located near their homes; development of programs for practical training and follow-up is needed; extension of child-care facilities for trainees; and group training programs for community women's organizations are also required. Thirdly, women living in underprivileged communities have psychological problems such as self-centeredness, heteronomy, and lack of communal consciousness, owing to their experionces in a distorted life, which sometimes hamper their communal economic activities. Accordingly, educational support to promote and encourage their communal consciousness and collective autonomy, as well as physical support, is essential. However, these inputs should be based on a deep understanding of the lives of underprivileged women, so that the policies are fruitful and rewarding. Therefore long-term plans, with the establishment of supportive agencies, involving community activists who share their lives with poor women over a long time, are required for solving these problems and eliminating women's poverty.

Exploration of Core Competencies from Delphi Survey and Design of Their Measurement Tools and Teaching & Learning Programs for Environmental Education in Elementary Schools

김선미,문윤섭,황은자 한국교원대학교 뇌·AI기반교육연구소 2023 Brain, Digital, & Learning Vol.13 No.4

This study aims to establish core competencies for environmental education in elementaryschools, develop its measurement tools, and explore program grouping methods. Toaddress these goals, three research questions were posed: identifying core competencyelements, determining their assessment tools, and exploring the best ways to organizeenvironmental education programs to develop the core competencies. Using a Delphi surveyand literature review, the research pinpointed core elements such as 'autonomy', 'reflectiveability', 'environmental sensitivity', and 'critical thinking ability', among others. Based onthese competencies, 34 assessment items were devised. To enhance these competencies,a 'theme integration method' was proposed, intertwining environmental education withother curriculum topics. The study emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach,ensuring students grasp environmental subjects while achieving other learning objectives. Consequently, the measurement tools and learning & teaching programs for environmentaleducation in elementary schools presented in this study assist teachers in customizingenvironmental topics based on regional, school, and individual teaching goals, rooted in theintended core competencies.

저소득층 여성의 경제적 자립을 위한 행동연구(ACTION RESEARCH) - M구 Y동 ‘하나여성회’를 중심으로 -

윤양헌(Yoon Yang Hun),황은자(Hwang Eun Ja) 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 1992 여성학논집 Vol.8 No.-

The purpose of the present action research was to conduct develop programs that would promote the ability of economic self-helf for underprivileged women suffering a dual burden of sexual and class inequality. The participating group was members of Hana Women's Association and their family who agreed to the intentions of this action research, all of whom were residents of 41, Y-dong, M-ku in Seoul. The Y-dong 41 bloc is an urban poor island characterized by crowded and typically poor residential environment. Most of the women were engaged in home-based income earning activities such as pasting envelops, sewing shoes and children's clothes. They shared most characteristics of informal sector economic activities, low payment, simple manual labor, free work schedule, and ""the Oya system,"" the informal network headed by an oya who provided the work opportunities and earned from what the workers did. In the ""Oya system"" chain which is divided into many stages and consequently distributes earnings to many middlemen, the workers cannot be properly rewarded. This action research tried to develop programs for communal economic activities to be able to receive working material and obtain benefits directly from factories skipping the middle stages of the Oya system. In such a way the poor women were expected to be more fairly paid and to develop a community which would be a basis for their empowerment. In this research, a feminist approach was employed, which emphasized a cooperative participation of researchers and target women in the action research at an equal position. This action research was a part of a long-term community project that had implemented by Korean Women's Institute since 1984. The program from April 1987 to March 1991 was focused on achieving economic independence. During the period, the researchers tried to collect/listen opinions of the residents and reflect them on the programs before the communal economic activities were launched. For this purpose, various activities were accompanied, such as workshops for community women, small group meetings, health care for residents by Ewha medical team, day-care center (kindergarten), study rooms, and health education. A series of programs were conducted for economic self-help : management of ku-p’an’jang (community cooperative shop), vocational educations for part-time housemaid, walling skills, paper-clay handicrafts, and sweater- linking, and production of goods to sell. Most of these endeavors have benefited a few women but not others. The women participants lost interest easily when their products did not sell well or when jobs were not easily found. However, the women's association has become richer out of the savings of the workers, and the members have gradually become conscious of their communal interest. However, this action research was not free of shortcomings. They can be summarized as follows: First is methodological problem. With no precedent experience of action research like this and no detailed guidelines, the researchers had to make many trials and errors, which must have impact on the whole project. Secondly, administrative problems on overall programs can be pointed out. In the first place, the notion of ""poor/poverty"" was not clear for the researchers, which led them to bear charitable or philanthropic attitudes toward the target women unconsciously and unintentionally. In particular, the financial support of the institute (KWI) for their economic activities decisively served to foster their sense of dependency, even though it was small. The third problem was on respective economic programs. Inevitably there were trials and errors caused by taking action without proper plans, knowledge/understanding as well as sufficient experience on the current market situation. Furthermore, the researchers tended to depend upon decisions made by the women who were also insensitive to outer world to direct the programs. And the individ

국제 및 국내 환경탐구올림피아드를 통한 환경교육의 활성화 방안 연구

문윤섭,이성희,조성화,최돈형,이미애,황은자 한국환경교육학회 2006 環境 敎育 Vol.19 No.2

Environmental problems became bigger and widely known among all parts of the society in the last decade. The broad and sustainable study of the environment is the most basic and primary solution to the problems. For this reason, International Environmental Project Olympiad (INEPO) was organized in 1993. Many countries have participated in this organization. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to revitalize the environmental education and to realize the value of environmental education by making students aware of the environmental problems through the INEPO and Korean Environmental Olympiad (KEO). To achieve these goals, we conducted as follows.First, we introduced aims, major contents and rules of the INEPO and grasped problems related to the applying method of students who want to participate in the INEPO in Korea. In addition, we introduced both results of domestic contest for participating in the 14th INEPO and of the 14th INEPO itself opened in 2006.Second, we analysed participants' themes according to project types such as environment-biology, environment-chemistry, environment-physics, environment-health and environment-social sciences from previous INEPOs.