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한홍석(Han Hong-Xi) 한국문화산업학회 2005 문화산업연구 Vol.5 No.2
This paper tries to investigate a desirable cooperative model between Korean and Chinese enterprises in culture industry, by analyzing an example that the Korean on-line game enterprise had been sold to the Chinese enterprise in 2004. At the beginning of the 2000’s, many Korean on-line game enterprises entered the Chinese market vigorously and cooperated with the Chinese enterprises, reclaiming and developing the huge Chinese network game market. Up to now, the Korean enterprises mainly adopted the method that provides the advanced game products and charges royalty. But, the Chinese market is fast-growing, and the technical catch-up ability of Chinese enterprises is also fast-growing; therefore, the limit of that method is very clear. The most important problem is that Korean enterprises can not attain any gains by Chinese enterprise's growth. This paper insists that not only the cooperation between Korean and Chinese enterprises is important, but also the selection of desirable cooperative model is needed. Korean and Chinese enterprises both need to share profit and risk from market expansion. Also they must pay more attention to expanding the Chinese and world markets than distributing profits. This paper tries to investigate a desirable cooperative model between Korean and Chinese enterprises in culture industry, by analyzing an example that the Korean on-line game enterprise had been sold to the Chinese enterprise in 2004. At the beginning of the 2000’s, many Korean on-line game enterprises entered the Chinese market vigorously and cooperated with the Chinese enterprises, reclaiming and developing the huge Chinese network game market. Up to now, the Korean enterprises mainly adopted the method that provides the advanced game products and charges royalty. But, the Chinese market is fast-growing, and the technical catch-up ability of Chinese enterprises is also fast-growing; therefore, the limit of that method is very clear. The most important problem is that Korean enterprises can not attain any gains by Chinese enterprise's growth. This paper insists that not only the cooperation between Korean and Chinese enterprises is important, but also the selection of desirable cooperative model is needed. Korean and Chinese enterprises both need to share profit and risk from market expansion. Also they must pay more attention to expanding the Chinese and world markets than distributing profits.
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한홍석 서울대학교 국제지역원 1997 국제지역연구 Vol.6 No.2
중국의 호구제도는 공유자산(公有資産)제도와 함께 중국 사회의 기본 경제구조를 유지하는 두 개의 가장 중요한 사회제도이다. 이 제도는 민주주의 국가에서의 호적 제도와는 본질적으로 달라 중국정부가 국민들의 자유로운 이주( )를 금지하는 제도라고 특징지을수 있다. 중국에서의 호구는 한 사람의 특정 신분과 특정 지역에서 합법적으로 거주할 수 있는 권리를 의미한다. 중국에서 모든 국민들은 명확히 농민과 비농업주민(非農業居民)이 라는 서로 다른 신분을 가진 사회계층으로 분리되고 그들의 후대들도 그러한 신분을 계승하게 된다. 호구에는 동시에 특정적인 대도시, 중소도시 혹은 농촌에 거주하는 권리가 반영되어 있으며 정부의 허가가 없이는 변동할 수 없게 되어 있다. 이러한 호구제도의 존재와 지방 분권화의 개혁으로 인해 중국에서의 국유자산과 집단소유의 자산은 사실상에서 그 자산을 사용하게 되는 지역 주민들의 소유와 마찬가지로 되었으며 자산의 공동 소유권과 거주권이 일체화 경향을 나타내고 있다. 중국에서 지역 주민둘의 이익 대표인 지방정부는 '준(準)국가'라는 타 지역 주민들의 전입(轉入)을 엄격히 제한하는 것을 통해 지역 내 주민들의 이익을 극대화하여 한다. 지방정부가 다른 지역과의 관계에서 국가의 이익보다 지역 주민들의 이익을 우선시하는 정책을 실시할 인센티브를 가지고 있기 때문에 80년대 후반부터 지방주의 경향은 중국 사회의 심각한 문제로 되고 있다. Hukou System with Common Property System is one of the two main systems that suppoet the basic Chinese socio-economic structure. It is fundementally different from the census registration which is usally employed in democratic society to figure out the population. Chinese Hukou is rather a measure that is used by the government in regulating the movement of its residents. Hukou entitles a legal right for the resident to live in a specific region with a given class standing. Every Chinese inherits from his/her parents one of the two residential classes that are either agricultural or non-agricultural. In addition, Hukou specifies the type of the areas that he/she may stay, e.g., such as metropolitan area, medium sized city, and rural area. Without the permit from the government, movements across the area are not allowed. Due to Hukou system and Decentralization from 1980's, the ownership of the wealthe previously owned by the state or community has been trasferred to the residents of the region who actually utilize the wealth. This tends to identify the ownership of the wealth with the residents. Therefore the local provinces become 'pseudo-nations' whose government cares for the benefits of its local residents while controling immigration from outside. Even in relation with other regions, they have strong incentive to put higher priority in policies that suit the needs of local residents rather than on national agenda. Since the second half of 1980's, spread of the regionalism became a serious problem that undermines the unity of China as a whole nation.
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한홍석 韓國東北亞經濟學會 2008 동북아경제연구 Vol.20 No.1
In the recent few years private large chain stores of electronic product in China's distribution field rapidly developed, which is mainly why China's private companies came to have absolute superiority. Concerning the reasons, first, they boldly introduced advanced management method, and second, competition among production companies in China's electronic product market was especially tough, and third, due to the systematic character of China, private companies have relatively little obstruction in establishing chain stores all over the administrative area than public businesses, and fourth, private companies are inexpensive in management costs than public ones systematically, and fifth, large chain stores took the role of commercial capital which take the risks in the distribution field. Newly opening private businesses are increasing in number, public companies are rapidly converting into private ones, which will result in China's private enterprises having superiority in more and more fields rapidly.
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