Flutoprazepam의 임상효과에 관한 예비연구

하재창,신홍식 최신의학사 1989 最新醫學 Vol.32 No.7

일상 언어의 의미에 관한 철학적 고찰

하재창 현대영미어문학회 2001 현대영미어문학 Vol.19 No.3

There are two types of languages according to the nature of the world they belong to. One is for the ordinary world and the other is for the scientific world. We describe these languages as Ordinary Language and Scientific Language. In general, Ordinary Language is a naturally evolved one and Scientific Language is an artificial one, which has a rather conventional nature. Therefore, it could also be said that the former is a creation of nature and the latter is a man-made product. Ordinary Language is also categorized by what it describes. It may be used for communication, for describing ethics, arts, and so on. In this paper we will discuss how the meanings in ordinary conversation is extricated. We will start by examining traditional philosophical exposition and then we will continue to observe and scrutinize various types of speech acts. We will also discuss what an illocutionary act is and describe the problem of meaning in order to verify how to understand the meaning of Ordinary Language and, especially, the meaning of conversation. The structure of conversation below depicts how the meanings of language in conversation are understood by both the speaker and the hearer. Speaker S ↓ ↓ Language L → → x Target of language Hearer H ↑ 1.There is an intention of a speaker when he/she makes an utterance. The intention could either be an internal or an external phenomenon. When the hearer conveys his/her intention in language, he/she must express it in a medium that the hearer can understand. The speaker's utterance should be relevant to the conversation, since the language is the means of conveying his/her intention and it is rule-governed. Language acquires the meaning of the sentence by the rules it follows thus we know what the language means. 2.The hearer must recognize the speaker's intention through his/her utterance and the speaker should ascertain whether or not the hearer's understanding of the speaker's intention is correct. Since language is a means to exchange intentions, it should have the illocutionary act that brings about the effect of communication. Understanding of the illocutionary act of speech comes from identifying synonymy. Recognition of the environment where the conversation is taking place is necessary, for the reason that the conversation between the speaker and the hearer occurs under certain conditions. Let us suppose that there are a lot of people on the street, and speakers A and B started to talk. A asks B "What is going on?" and B answers, as an illocutionary act, "There is a fight". If speaker A understands B's answer as "They are having a quarrel", then it is possible to say that the speaker B has succeeded to provide and the speaker A has succeeded to comprehend the intention conveyed in B's speech. Speaker A understood speaker B's intention via recognizing the meaning of speaker B's speech and the meaning of its target. Furthermore, identifying synonymy between 'fight'and 'quarrel', and also recognizing the rule when this speech is used gives speaker A clues for revealing speaker B's illocutionary act. It is also possible to assume that knowing the environment where the conversation took place facilitates a hearer in understanding the meaning of speech. The meaning of speech could be recognized more easily when conditions such as above are met. Misunderstanding in ordinary conversation tends to surface when one of the above conditions is missing in the conversation. Thus, we are required to be careful when trying to understand the meaning of Ordinary Language.

미적 범주로서의 '거룩함'의 개념

하재창 圓光大學校 社會思想硏究所 1995 社會思想硏究 Vol.5 No.-

미적 범주로서 ‘거룩함’의 개념에 대한 본격적 논의는 근세에서부터였으나, 그 이론적인 연원은 희랍시대로까지 거슬러 올라간다. 다만 칸트에 이르러 『Beobachtungen u¨ber das Gefu¨hl des Sco¨nen und Erhabenen』(1764)에서 ‘아름다움’(Scho¨en)과 ‘거룩함’(Erhabenen)은 엄밀한 구분이 생기게 된다.(Kant,『Kritik der Urteilskraft』, 1790. Abteilung I. vgl.). ‘거룩함’에 대한 미적 범주 설정 방법의 다양함에도 불구하고, 본고에서는 칸트 이전의 미학 이론에서의 몇가지 중요한 갈래들과 칸트의 비판 전기의 글이라고 알려져 온 『고찰.Beobachtung.』을 통하여 엄격한 덕과 아름다운 덕을 대비시킨 엄숙성(Feierlichkeit)의 처지를 살펴보고자 한다. 아울러 그의 종합적이면서 함축적 주저라 할 수 있는 『판단력비판』(K.d. U.)에 담겨진 미학 이론과 목적 이론 사이의 연관 안에서 거룩한 아름다움, 거룩한 덕성을 맺어 주는 끈을 찾아보고, 거룩함의 분석론을 통하여 어찌하여 칸트가 수학적 거룩함보다 역학적 거룩함에 더 무게를 싣게 되었던가의 속셈을 확인해 보련다. 고대 철학에서는 ‘크기’ 그 자체에 아름다움의 값어치를 인정하지만, ‘거룩함’이라고 하는 특수한 미적 범주에는 별 관심이 없었다. 다만 Cassius Longinus에 와서야 ‘거룩함’의 개념이 수사학의 한 갈래 문체로서 언어 표현과 의미 상징으로 범주개념으로 중시하게 된다. 그리하여 오늘날 아름다움과 거룩함이 예술 영역에서 주요한 범주로 관심을 끌게 된 것은 18세기 계몽철학의 영향이 절대적이었다. 그 때의 거룩함에 관한 관심은 영국을 중심으로 한 롱기누스 전통의 연구라 해도 과언은 아니다. 이때에 미학적인 ‘거룩함’의 성찰과 분석이 시도되고, 미학자의 공통된 경향도 롱기누스와 같은 고대적 조화성에서 찾으려 했다는 점에서 그 의의는 발견된다. 『Peri Huphous,거룩이론』이 부각된 것은 W. Rhys Roberts에서이다. 다만 오늘날 롱기누스적인 어휘로서 인용된 것은 1739년에 출판된(1800년에 5판) William Smith의 번역이다. 롱기누스의 영향이 컸던 당시로서는 당연히 그것이 표준이었다. 롱기누스는 ‘거룩한 스타일’을 수사학적인 개념으로 창안하진 않았다. 그것은 그의 『에세이』보다 더 오래된 것이다. 수사학에 대한 관념은 고대를 지배하였고, 장중한 스타일(gravis)은 수사학에서 빠질 수 없는 부분으로서 그 목적이 청중에게 감동을 준다는 것이다. 이 점에서 초기 18세기 ‘거룩함’에 대한 논의는 고대의 Cicero·Demetrius·Dionysius·Quintilian 등의 수사학에 근거한 다양한 스타일에서 그 출발점을 발견할 수 있다.

상징개념에 대한 미학적 해명

하재창 원광대학교 채문연구소 2001 역사와 사회 Vol.27 No.-

Symbol is an epistemological entity in a sensuous representation. It is a transcendental idea compressed into the focus of the visible. Much of the Symbolism directly concerns the dramatic interplay and interaction of the opposing forces in the dualistic world of manifestation. In this article I endeavor to investigate the concept of Symbol from the esthetical history point of view. The problem of Symbol as 'Mystery of Sensibility' is a problematic theme in Kant's esthetics in relation to the esthetical and teleological judgment. Reflective judgment as a medium of nature and freedom is an attribute of Symbol in the domain of knowledge. Symbol could also be referred to as a sensuous form of intuition reflected in analogy. Henceforth, Symbol in Kant is a perception or presentation that does not represent what is conventionally known as mere 'Sign', but it embodies the abstract notion of 'Scheme'. Under this sense of symbolism, beauty is a symbol of the moral good, which is the intelligible or supra-sensuous reality to which the judgment of inclination ultimately points. Consequently, this provides the ground for the synthesis of the super-sensibility and the freedom. This also corresponds to reflective judgment and forms of intuition. Beauty in Kant is the expression of esthetic ideas both in the domain of nature and art. Thus the figurations of the speciality and the universality are accomplished by symbol. In the same line of reasoning with Kant, Cassirer proposed the notion of 'Symbolic forms' as a unifying factor of types of knowledge and representation. He also concluded that 'Symbolic forms' are deduced from various cultural forms. In The Philosophy, of Symbolic Forms he viewed 'Symbolic forms' in the perspective of 'Criticism of Culture'. Thus cognition and perception of human culture are consummated by 'Symbolic forms' in this standpoint. For Cassirer, symbol is 'the form of objectification' as a principle for unifying forms of intuition. Hence, symbolic form is a mode of human espression and synthetic unity of the subject and the object. Since Language and Knowledge are the forms of 'Symbolic forms', they are adopted by the theory of art. Symbolism is a creative and expressive characteristic peculiar to man only. Owing to this symbolic form, there can be the autonomy of art. In this perspective, the notion 'Symbolic forms' is far from mere shape or type or pattern in art. It is a representation of knowledge and cognition such as scheme and category. I believe Symbol is a living and ever-expanding organic unity. Thus the importance of Symbol in art and culture can never be overestimated. The possibility of cognition in man's knowledge of identity and ideation should necessarily be converted to the ability of creation under the controversial concept of Symbol.

KB-509(Flutoprazepam)의 임상효과에 관한 연구

하재창,신홍식 최신의학사 1989 最新醫學 Vol.32 No.9

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale(MDRS)의 비치매 노인군에 대한 연구

하재창,박종한,곽호순 大韓神經精神醫學會 1990 신경정신의학 Vol.29 No.6

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale(MDRS) was tested for 144 nondemented Korean elderly whose age were 60 or more in years. The study attempted to evaluate the relationship between the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE-K) scores and MDRS scores and the relaitonship between the demographic factors and the MDRS scores. The results are as follows: 1) The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.938 and the interest reliability coefficient was 0.998. 2) The total score of MDRS was 136±10.3. 3) The correlation between the raw MMSE-K scores and the MDRS scores was significantly high degree and that of the corrected MMSE-K scores was also significantly high degree, each correlation of r=0.693 and r=0.615. 4) Age and education had significant effects on the total scores of MDRS, but both variables had no significant effects on the subtest of initiation/perseveration, and age had not significant effect on the subtest scores of conceptualization. 5) The total scores of MDRS and the subtest scores of attention, construction, conceptualization of male were significantly higher than those of female, but there were no significant sexual difference on the subtest scores of initiation/perseveration and memory. 6) There was significant correlaiton between subtest scores and total scores. But there were no significant correlation between the subtest scores of initiaion/perseveration and attention and between the subtest scores of initiation/perseveration and conceptualization.

好酸球性 胃腸炎에 對한 病理學的 檢索

河在昌,洪錫宰 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1978 慶北醫大誌 Vol.19 No.1

最近 2年5個月間에 慶北大學校 醫科大學 病理學敎室에서 經驗한 好酸球性胃腸炎 7例에 對하여 病理學的으로 檢索하고, 그 結果를 다음과 같이 要約한다. 發生年齡은 30代로부터 60代 사이였으며 全例가 男性이었다. 臨床的으로는 腹痛은 全例에서, 嘔吐는 2例에서 있었고, 手術時 復水를 3例에서 認定하였다. 手術前 臨床診斷은 小腸을 侵害한 例들에서는 腸閉塞이나 腹膜炎으로, 그리고 胃나 結腸을 侵害한 v들에서는 腫瘍으로 診斷되는 傾向이 濃厚하였다. 發病部位는 廻腸이 4例로서 가장 많았고, 다음 結腸(2例), 胃(1例)의 順이었으며, 肉眼的所見으로는 胃腸壁의 甚한 水腫性肥厚와 內腔의 狹窄이 여러 가지 程度로 觀察되었다. 病理組織學的으로는 主로 粘膜下組織, 筋層 및 漿膜에서 甚한 充血과 水腫, 甚한 慢性 好酸球浸潤好酸球性 靜脈炎 等을 特徵으로 하는 病變이 觀察되었으며, 腸間膜에서도 이러한 病變들이 輕度로 認定되는 例가 많았다. 粘膜層에서는 輕度의 淋巴球와 形質細胞의 浸潤을 볼 뿐 大體로 正常한 狀態로 보였으나 好酸球浸潤도 輕微하게 認定되는 例가 많았다. The authors have reivewed the 7 cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis which were investigated pathologically during the past two years and five months from December, 1975 to April, 1978 at the department of pathlogy, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine. The results obtained were summarized as follows. The age distribution was in the 3rd to 6th dicadses and all of the cases were males. Clinically, abdominal pain was a predominant feature in all cases. There was vomiting in two cases and ascites was found in three cases abdomen was opened. The preoperative diagnosis was varied accoridng to the sites involved. In those cases where the small bowels were invovled, the preoperative diagnosis was considered as intestnal obstruction or peritonitis, but in those cases involving the stomach or the colon, as tumors. The involved sites were the ileum in 4cases, the colon in 2 cases and the stomach in 1 case. Grossly, the severe edematous thickening with narrowing of gastronitestinal lumen was observed in variable degrees. Histologically, the lesion was mainly situated in the submucosa, muscular layer and serosa of the gastrointestianl tract. It was characterized by a marked congestion and edema. The outstanding feature was a massive eosinophilic inflitration nd eosinophilic phlebitis . In many cases, such manifeslations were also observed in mild degrees in mesenteries. The mucosal layers appeared almost normal except slight infillration of lymphocytes and plasma cells, but in many cases, there were eosinophilic infiltrations in mild degrees.

X線 全身照射에 依한 家兎蟲垂 淋巴組織의 微細構造의 變化

河在昌,洪錫宰 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1979 慶北醫大誌 Vol.20 No.1

成熱家兎를 實驗動物로 하여 600γ의 X線을 單回 全身照射하고 B淋巴球系의 中樞淋巴組織으로 알려진 충수임파조직에 惹起되는 變化를 機能的 組織構造에 따라 病理組織學的 및 電子顯微鏡的으로 檢索하여 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 組織學的으로는 충수임파조직의 dome과 follicle에서 大小淋巴球의 甚한 懷死 消失과 大食細胞의 顯著한 增加를 볼 수 있었으나, 胸腺依存域인 TDA에서는 淋巴球의 壞死 消失이 比較的 輕한 程度로 認定되었다. 上記한 變化들은 X線 照射後 3時間에도 顯著하였으나 照射後 1日에는 더욱 甚하였다. 電子顯微鏡的으로는, X線 照射後 3時間에는 dome 및 follicle에서 淋巴球의 核染色質은 核邊緣部로 凝集되고 核中心部는 稀薄化되었고 어떤 淋巴球에서는 核濃縮을 일으키고 있었으며, mitochondria에서는 cristae가 消失되고 空胞化하는 傾向이 있었다. 그리고 組織球가 增加하고 그 細胞質內에서 lysosome의 增加, 濃縮된 核斷片의 탐식 等의 所見도 輕度로 認定되었다. 照射後 1日에는 dome 및 follicle에서 淋巴球는 大多數가 破壞消失되었고, 組織球가 顯著하게 增加되어 破壞된 細胞成分들을 활발하게 탐식하고 있는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 그러나 TDA에서는 淋巴球에서 染色質의 核邊緣部 凝集 乃至 核濃縮 그리고 mitochondria의 變性을 多少 볼 수 있었으나 甚한 破壞性變化는 認定되지 않았으며, 組織球의 貪 機能도 顯著하지 않았다. 以上의 實驗成績으로 보아, X線 照射에 對해서 B淋巴球를 生産하는 中樞淋巴組織의 淋巴球들은 感受性이 높아서 早期에 甚하게 破壞되며, 抹消淋巴組織에 分布하는 T淋巴球는 比較的 抵抗性이 있어서 損傷을 적게 받는 것으로 推定된다. This study was undertaken to investigate the structural changes of the appendiceal lymphoid tissues of the adult rabbit after whole body X-irradiation by the light and electron microscopes. Nine healthy rabbits, weighing 2 to 2.5 Kgm were divided into 2 groups: Group 1: Control group: Untreated (3 rabbits) Group 2. Experimental group: A single air dose of 600r whole body X-irradiation was given (6 rabbits). Experimental animals were sacrificed at 3 hours and 1 day after irradiation and examined light and electron microscopically. The results were summarized as follows: Light microscopically, the appendical lymphoid tissues showed marked necrotic loss of small and large lymphocytes as well as considerable increase of macrophages in the dome, corona and follicle. But thymus dependent area (TDA) was relatively well preserved with mild degree's necrotic loss of the cells. These changes were apparent 3 hours after irradiation and more prominent after 1 day. Electron microscopically, the nuclei of lymphocytes in the dome and follicle revealed peripheral aggregation of chromatin with central rarefaction after 3 hours. Some lymphocytes showed pyknotic changes. Mitochondria of the these cells were vacuolated and lossed their cristae. Macrophages at this time were increased in number and showed increase of lysosomes with phagocytosis of nuclear fragments. After 1 day, lymphocytes in the dome and follicle were substantially destructed and lossed. Macrophages were markedly increased in number and showed considerable number of phagosomes containing destructed cellular debris in the cytoplasms. In the TDA, only milder degree of chromatin aggregation, pyknosis and mitochondrial degeneration were found but apparent destructive changes were not impresive. Phagocytic activities of macrophages were also inapparent. These results suggested that central lymphoid tissue for differentiation of B-lymphocytes was very sensitive to X-irradiation and severely affected at early stage, while T-lymphocytes distributed to peripheral lymphoid tissue were relatively radioresistant and affected lesser degree.

정신분열병 환자의 양극성 정동장애 환자에 있어서 인지기능장애의 비교

최영택,박영남,하재창 大韓神經精神醫學會 1988 신경정신의학 Vol.27 No.4

In order to compare the cognitive functions between schizophrenia and mania, the author administered mini-mental state (MMS), mental test score(MTS) and Korean Wechsler intelligence scale(KWIS) for 30 schizophrenic and 20 manic hospitalized patients. No significant diffrences were found between schizophrenic patients and manic patients on the scores of MMS and MTS. Schizophrenic patients had significantly lower scores than manic patients on the subscales of 'comprehension' 'arithmetic', 'similarities' and 'picture arrangement' of KWIS, but no significant differences were found between both groups on the subscales of 'information' and 'block design' of KWIS. These findings suggested that schizophrenic patients might be more impaired than manic patients on the cognitive functions which required more complex, abstract and logical thinking or sustanied attention, but those cognitive functions which required only simple memory of spontaneous visuomotor tasks might not be so impaired.

國民倫理의 基本問題에 關한 硏究(1)

河在昌 圓光大學校 1974 論文集 Vol.8 No.-