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차준호,K. Ashok,N. J. Suthan Kissinger,라용호,심재관,김진수,이철로 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.3
In this paper, low-resistivity molybdenum (Mo) thin films were deposited on stainless- steel and soda-lime glass substrates with good adhesion at room temperature by using a direct current (DC) magnetron technique. The Mo thin films were annealed at different temperatures in order to enhance their structural and electrical properties so that they could be used for the solar cell applications. The Mo thin film is the bottom electrode used in the chalcopyrite solar cell family (CuInSe<sub>2</sub> and its alloys) because of the low resistivity of the Cu(InGa)Se<sub>2</sub>/Mo contact. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that these Mo films were polycrystalline in nature and exhibited better crystallization with increasing crystallite size as the annealing temperature was raised from 400 to 800 ℃. The Mo film’s crystallite size was observed to increase from 80 to 450 nm as the annealing temperature was increased from as-deposited to 800 ℃. The microstructure, surface morphology and homogenous grains, were observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
차준호,김진근 대한상하수도학회 2012 상하수도학회지 Vol.26 No.5
Leakage in water supply system can cause water resources loss in addition to the water quality degradation. In this research, leakage reduction after establishment of a block system in the area with leakage rate of 69.0% was investigated using EPANET simulation. The average water pressure for the research area was 5.17 kgf/cm2 which was relatively high, and several sites were deviated from recommended water pressure ranges(i.e., 1.5~7.1 kgf/cm2). However, the average water pressure in the area was reduced to 3.81 and 3.49 kgf/cm2 after the introduction of block system with a water pressure relief valve(PRV) setting of 3.0 and 2.5 kgf/cm2, respectively. Under the installation of a PRV with regulating pressure of 2.5 kgf/cm2, the predicted leakage was reduced from 4,420.3 m3/d to 3,028.1 m3/d, which was equivalent to the leakage reduction from 31.0% to 23.5%. Leakage in water supply system can cause water resources loss in addition to the water quality degradation. In this research, leakage reduction after establishment of a block system in the area with leakage rate of 69.0% was investigated using EPANET simulation. The average water pressure for the research area was 5.17 kgf/cm2 which was relatively high, and several sites were deviated from recommended water pressure ranges(i.e., 1.5~7.1 kgf/cm2). However, the average water pressure in the area was reduced to 3.81 and 3.49 kgf/cm2 after the introduction of block system with a water pressure relief valve(PRV) setting of 3.0 and 2.5 kgf/cm2, respectively. Under the installation of a PRV with regulating pressure of 2.5 kgf/cm2, the predicted leakage was reduced from 4,420.3 m3/d to 3,028.1 m3/d, which was equivalent to the leakage reduction from 31.0% to 23.5%.