영남지역 삼국시대 성곽의 지역별 특징

조효식 영남고고학회 2008 嶺南考古學 Vol.- No.45

The fortress of Silla takes majority in Yeong-nam region. Based on the distribution of fortresses, it is also thought east-side region of Nak-dong river as stable territory of Silla. Rampart without firm stonework could be one of the main features of Silla fortress. The average height of rampart is estimated 5m approximately by field survey. Rampart with firm stonework appeared in the process of Silla's advance to the west-side region of Nak-dong river. Gaya fortresses accompany with Silla fortresses in the west-side region of Nak-dong river downward middle basin. It is not easy to distinguish both side, but there are unique patterns of Gaya fortress differing from Silla's obviously. It could be suggested that the features of Gaya fortress include small-sized round top type in plane, rampart without firm stonework, and the lack of structures in fortresses. The study of fortresses could supplement examining ancient traffic routes. And the defense system which is based on distribution of fortresses could help establishing national boundary as well as territory of specific polity.

일제강점기 백제유적 조사와 새로운 발견 - 부여 외리 유적을 중심으로

조효식 한국고고학회 2021 한국고고학전국대회 발표문 Vol.- No.45

낙동강 중류역 삼국시대 성곽의 변천과 방어체계

조효식 영남고고학회 2008 嶺南考古學 Vol.- No.44

The purpose of this thesis is to examine diachronic transition and defense system based on results of investigation which is about fortresses located on Middle basin of Nak-dong riversides in dense. Construction of fortress and its occupation could be divided into three phases by examining features of fortress constructed on riverside. First,lo w-altitude fortresses are constructed centering around some key potions before middle of 5th century. The fortresses of this period are assumed that they are concerned with trades founded on their location and artifacts from ruins of fortresses. Next,F ortresses are constructed at both Nak-dong riversides densely between middle of 5th century and early of 6th century. Unlike prior period,f ortresses are built under an aspect which is linked with each other in range of mutual vision in this period and it could be identified that some stratigraphic points stand face to face. In addition,th e features which can divide fortresses into Silla fortress and Daekaya fortress are noticed. There are differences in shapes and size of fortress. Especially,l arge-sized valley-included forms were constructed on east riverside. But in contrary,s mall-sized mountaintop-rounded forms had continued to being constructed on west riverside. This differences are due to mobilized labour and constructing time. Finally,a ntagonistic relationship between Silla and Daekaya had finished as a result of Silla's absorption to Daekaya in A.D. 562. Thus,Daekaya fortresses located on west riverside function defense and ruling point of Silla newly. This aspect could be noticed by artifacts such as Silla pottery found in ruins of Daekaya fortresses. In sum,bor der of Silla and Daekaya and their defense system for protecting territory could be established through fortresses constructed on Nak-dong riverside.

낙동강 중류역 삼국시대 성곽의 분류와 특징

조효식 한국대학박물관협회 2006 고문화 Vol.67 No.-

This thesis is supposed to inspect both concrete features of fortresses located on riverside and its constructing-background by both examining and comparing the form and the location of fortresses and a rampart form based on both traditional theories and the information which have been newly obtained through survey on fortresses densely located on Nak-dong riverside during Three-Kingdom periods. Fortresses are constructed in compliance with geographical features irrespective of their heights, but there are some differences in the form, the location and the scale. the most different feature of those differences is found in the form in the case of east-side, rampart constructed have diverse kinds of forms. On the other hand, in the case of west-side, most of fortress constructed are small-sized, and mountaintop-rounded form. It can be inferred that compared to Silla, these aspects are caused by the Dae-kaya’s shortage of labour-mobilization and its mobilization period considering political influences, namely overall external factors relating the construction of rampart in both Silla and Dae-kaya. Ramparts are mainly constructed by ground-shaving methods and using earth-stone methods in the early period. But as time passes by, for most of fortresses located on west-side, the early methods of construction are used continuously while east-side fortresses are built in the more delicate way . In addition, a stone-mounded watchtower found outside Daegu could be useful for estimating the date of the construction of fortresses because it is a structure which is intensively constructed in a short period. 본고는 낙동강 중류역 양안에 조밀하게 분포한 삼국시대 성곽들에 대한 기존의 보고내용과 실제 답사를 하여 새로이 확인한 사실들을 바탕으로 성곽의 형태와 입지, 성벽형태 등을 비교 검토하여 양안 성곽의 구체적 특징과 그 축조배경을 살펴보는 데 목적이 있다. 양안지역 모두 고도에는 별 관계가 없이 지형에 맞추어 성곽이 축조되었으나 형태, 입지, 규모에서 일부 차이를 보인다. 그 중에서도 가장 큰 차이점은 형태차이로 동안의 경우는 다양한 형태의 성곽이 축조되는 데 반해 서안지역은 대부분 소형의 테뫼식 산성이 주를 이룬다. 이는 양안지역의 삼국시대 정치 세력, 즉 신라와 대가야의 축성사업과 관련한 외적 요인 전반을 검토해 보았을 때 신라와 달리 서안지역의 대가야가 성곽 축조에서 인력동원과 동원기간이 상대적으로 부족했던 데 기인한 것으로 보인다. 성벽형태의 경우 양안 성곽 모두 초기에는 삭토와 토석혼축방식을 주로 사용하고 있다. 그러나 시간이 경과함에 따라 동안성곽은 보다 정연한 석축성벽을 구축해나가는 데 반해 서안성곽은 초기 방식이 지속되는 것이 많다. 그 외 대구 외곽지역에서 확인되는 적석망대는 짧은 시기에 집중 조영된 유구라는 점에서 성곽의 연대 비정에 도움을 준다.

【기획논문】경상도지역의 산성 유적 분포도를 활용한 영남지역 삼국시대 교통로와 방어체계 검토

조효식 부경역사연구소 2010 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.26

The traffic routes across the fortress of Three Kingdom of Korea were not very different from the existing routes based on Tumulus or old tombs. Merely the inland routes passing through the uphill path in the mountainous district can be added. In addition, as several archaeological data including the fortress are improved, ancient traffic routes can also be restored in a variety of routes and colors. Defense system in Yeongnam area can be classified into the Silla’s and the Gaya’s. Defense system of the Silla is depicted as a broad area covering the upper and mid stream area. Starting with a defense system around 1st Wanggyung, Gyeongju as a center, the form would have been established with the traffic routes into Gyeongju, the riverside of the Nakdong River, and the fortress built on the west and north areas beyond an uphill path and a summit of hill in Baekdu Daegan as a center. In the case of Gaya according to the current data, in some places of the mid and down stream the defense system can be detected. In the mid-stream area, the defense system that Daegaya set is understood in the structure connecting the Goryung Daegachun to the north, the Nakdong River to the east, and the Nam river to the south, in detailed areas. In the down stream area, the defense system relevant to the entry process of the Silla to the west area existed. From the distribution of the fortress, the first is a camp position and the outskirts of Changwon basin, the second is the defense system showing bilateral confrontation relationship around Chilwon Gwangnochun, and finally the third is that a phase of conflict is identified.

영남지역 삼국시대 성곽 : 영남지역 신라 성곽

조효식 영남고고학회 2008 영남고고학회 학술발표회 Vol.17 No.1

유적 분포도를 활용한 고고학적 연구 사례 검토 : 경기지역 삼국시대 방어체계 검토

조효식 용인대학교 전통문화연구소 2007 傳統文化硏究 Vol.- No.6

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영남지역 삼국시대 성곽 연구

조효식 영남고고학회 2008 영남고고학회 학술발표회 Vol.17 No.1

방수 내구성과 기술 향상을 위한 공동 세미나 참관기

조효식 한국건축시공학회 2021 건축시공 Vol.21 No.1

강섬유보강 고성능 철근콘크리트 보-기둥 접합부의 내진성능 평가 및 개선

하기주,신종학,조효식 경일대학교 산업기술연구소 1999 産業技術硏究所 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

In this dissertation, experimental research was carried out to study the hysteretic behavior of reinforce high-strength concrete beam-column joints designed by high performance techniques, such as application of high-strength concrete, reducing of joint regions damage, moving of beam plastic hinge, and steal fiber concrete. Solving the congestion of reinforcement and thoroughly placing of concrete in reinforced beam-column joint, specimens(HJRS1, HJRS2, HJRS3), replaced shear reinforcement into steal fiber concrete were showed stable hysteresis behavior, sufficient maximum load carrying capacity, and satisfactory crack pattern. Specimen HJRS3, designed by solving the congestion of reinforcement, thoroughly placing of concrete and application of steel fiber concrete and application of steel fiber concrete, was increased its maximum carrying capacity by 18% in comparison with the standard specimen HJC for displacement ductility of 3. For displacement ductility of 7, these were falled and successively crushed the concrete of beam at the 15∼20㎝ range of inside beam. Increasing the percent of steel fiber incorporated, spacing of crack was happed widely into inside beam.