1970년대 한국의 대마초문제와 정부 대응

조석연 ( Cho Seok Yeon ) 아시아문화학술원 2017 인문사회 21 Vol.8 No.1

본고는 1970년대 한국에서 심각한 사회문제로 부각된 대마초문제에 주목해 이 문제의 현상과 원인, 당국의 인식 및 통제과정 등을 다각적으로 분석함으로써 당대의 대마초문제를 보다 입체적으로 살펴보는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 `대마초`가 한국사회에 흡연도구로 소개되고, 1970년대 청년층을 중심으로 소비되게 된 원인을 찾아보고, 그 과정에서 일어난 `대마초 파동`에 주목해 이 현상의 성격과 원인을 분석해 보았다. 이와 함께 당대 정부가 이용한 대마초 근절의 논리를 검토해 보았다. 바로 여기에 당국이 당시 대마초문제를 바라보는 시각과 통제 의도가 투영되어 있다고 보기 때문이다. 당대의 대마초문제는 그 실체보다 확대, 과장되어진 측면이 없지 않았다. 정부는 대마초문제를 청년 및 사회풍속 등의 문제에서 나아가 당대의 국가적 과제였던 경제개발과 남북문제 및 국가안보 등의 문제와 직접 연결하며 대마초를 `반국가`, `반사회` 등의 이미지로 대중에 형상화하며 통제하고자 하였다. 그리고 그 성과는 당대의 각종 통계자료를 통해서도 확인된다. 이를 통해 1970년대 한국에서 대마의 재배와 사용은 국가의 관리 및 통제대상으로 완전히 자리 잡게 되었으며, 대마초에 대한 사회적 인식도 또 하나의 `마약`이자, 국가와 사회를 병들게 하는 `사회악`으로 각인되게 되었다. This article is a study on the problem of Korean cannabis in the 1970s. In the 1970s, Korea`s Cannabis Problems was a serious social problem. In the 1970s was the growth of Korea`s economy. And 1970 young people have had a free thinking than before. It was called `youth culture` or `popular culture.` Cannabis was called `happy smoke` to young people in the 1970s. `Happy smoke` was fashionable around the youth. In the 1970s, large scale cannabis scandal became social problems in Korea. In Korea, this is called a `cannabis wave.` This article focuses on the `cannabis wave` that occurred in 1975. The `cannabis wave` was exaggerated by the government. The Korean government arrested a number of popular artists as smokers of cannabis. But popular artists were not the main culprits. The arrest of popular artists was a means of making cannabis is a narcotic drug. The government has prescribed cannabis as a `narcotic drug` in the 1970s. Therefore, the government was promoting cannabis through the media as `social evils.` The government has enacted the “Cannabis Control Act” 1976. And it was critically aware of the cannabis community. As a result, cannabis was strongly controlled by the government.

해방 이후의 마약문제와 사회적 인식

조석연(Cho, Seok Yeon) 한국사학회 2012 史學硏究 Vol.- No.108

전통시기 민간에서 자생적으로 재배되는 양귀비에 대한 사회적 인식은 비교적 관대한 것이었다. 전통사회에서는 일반적으로 농가에서 양귀비를 몇 포기씩 심어 가정상비약으로 사용해 왔다. 양귀비의 미숙한 과피에서 나오는 아편은 필요시 복용하면 그 효과가 매우 좋아 일반 가정에 비치되어 있는 아편덩어리는 흔히 볼 수 있는 광경이었다. 이때는 無醫無藥村이 많고 의약품도 부족했던 시절이었기 때문에 의원을 찾아가기 어려운 경우 ‘만병통치약’으로 알려져 있던 아편을 일정량씩 구비해 두며, 필요시 소량 복용하곤 하였다. 일제시기에는 아편의 흡연뿐 아니라 여기에서 정제한 물질인 모르핀이 일반에 의료용으로 사용되어졌다. 이는 의사의 처방에 의하여 한정된 양만을 투약하여야 하지만, 모르핀을 처방하는 사람이나 처방받는 사람 모두 중독성이나 위험성에 대한 인식이 부족하였고, 일제도 이러한 모르핀 사용에 대해 비교적 관대한 정책을 실시하여 많은 오남용 피해자들이 중독자로 전락하였다. 전통사회부터 일반에게 아편은 가정상비약과 같이 사용되어 왔기 때문에 많은 사람들이 ‘마약’을 ‘범죄’의 개념으로 인식하기 어려웠던 것이다. 하지만 그들은 해방을 거치며 점차 사회로부터 새롭게 규정되어 갔다. ‘건국기’ 라는 특수한 상황과 통일민족국가 수립이라는 시대적 과제에 있어 중독자들은 ‘민족’의 건국을 방해하는 ‘반민족적’인 무리로 형상화되었다. 또한 이들은 ‘국민’의 의무로 규정된 마약에 관한 권리를 국가에 넘기지 않은 존재들이었으므로 선거권을 부여받지 못하거나 사면 대상에서 제외되는 등 ‘국민 外’의 대상으로 규정되어졌다. 따라서 이들은 ‘국민’으로서 갖는 기본적 권리와 사회적 기회를 제공받을 수 없었다. 또한 이 시기 마약문제에 대한 사회적 의식은 형성되고 있었지만, 당국은 해방과 좌우대립, 정부수립과 전쟁, 전후복구 등의 역사적 과제 앞에서 기본적 보건문제의 해결 외에 마약문제에 대한 구체적이고 적극적인 움직임을 보이지 못하였고, 따라서 이 시기 마약문제와 그 방안을 인간양심의 의무와 사회윤리의 측면, 즉 ‘국민’의 역할로 강조하는데 그칠 수밖에 없었다. 이러한 과정 속에서 중독자들은 사회적으로 ‘국민’에서 분리되기 시작하였으며, 해당 시기의 사회적 상황과 필요에 따라 ‘戰力의 소진’이나 국가경제를 해치는 ‘社會惡’으로 규정되고 형상화되었던 것이다. This thesis is the narcotic problems at a nation building process after the liberation of Korea. That researches outline is as the following. National recognition of poppies cultivated by the people is comparatively generous in a traditional society. People had cultivated poppies to utilize them as home medicine in agricultural districts in Korea. Opium gathered on the poppy"s skin takes effects as medicine for internal use, so it was not difficult to see that people had at least a lump of opium at home. At that time a lot of agricultural village didn"t have a hospital and a medicine was always insufficient. Opium was known as a remedy for every ill and people used to take opium they had at home whenever it was required. Under the rule of Japanese imperialism, Morphine refined from opium was used for a medicine to people as well. Generally morphia had to be used restrictively as prescribed by a doctor, but patients as well as doctors were not aware of its danger and toxicity. Furthermore Japan employed a generous policy on opium, so a lot of people were addicted by opium. Opium had been recognized as household medicine but not as a narcotic. People could not recognize morphinism as a crime. They were certainly patients and scapegoats by the wrong state policies. But they were regarded as a criminal, a social evil, in a special situation of nation building after liberalization. they also were treated as a group disturbing nation building in a time of establishing a united nation of people. Therefore, they did not offer a social opportunity to protection. At this era, even though state had a social conscience of drug problem from the liberalization through 1950s, she could not deal with the drug problem specifically and positively, because of the war and the struggle of ideology between south and north, because of a historical matter like a nation reconstruction after war, because of a trouble building up the basic health problem. Therefore, emphasized to duty of human"s conscience and social moral principle problem that do not take narcotic. State made a social role and status of everyone, regardless of the controlled or the controller, about drug control, enlarging the power of drug control step by step. So to speak, state began to warn the narcotic addicts socially and ethically in a time of liberalization. In the end, after the war came to an end, she treated them as a social evil. On the one hand, in a institutional point of view, state made a narcotic act in 1957 to support span of state control.

1980년대 한국의 마약소비와 확산

조석연(Cho, Seok-yeon) 역사실학회 2016 역사와실학 Vol.61 No.-

This article is a review of studies of the drug problem in the 1980s. In the 1980s, Korea methamphetamine problem was a serious social problem. Korea and Japan in the 1980s was interrupted by a joint drug trafficking. Therefore, the methamphetamine produced in Korea in the 1980s, has never been exported to Japan. And the methamphetamine produced in Korea were brought back to Korea. Meth addicts in the 1980s, Korea has increased every year. Methamphetamine has been introduced according to Seoul from Busan Gyeongnam and Gyeongbuk. Korea"s economy has grown significantly in the 1980s. Korea has hosted the Olympic Games in the Asian Games, in 1986 and 1988. Korea in the Asian Games and Olympics was recognized as a national event. And Korea has grown significantly entertainment industry in the 1980s. Methamphetamine addicts, Korea was increasing in the 1980s. It was because increasing the income and consumption of the people. The government has pointed to problems with methamphetamine ‘social evils". And the government tried to eradicate methamphetamine. The government has strengthened enforcement and penalties for drug users. But methamphetamine addicts has increased. Looking at the Methamphetamine problem and government policy in the 1980s can be found inconsistencies. It is a methamphetamine problem has been developed in a different direction and intention of the government at the time. Thus, the drug problem has been highlighted as the most important social issue in Korea in the 1980s. This article also examined the government"s recognition and response to the drug problem. The government has used the drug for social control in 1980s. Korea has continued to strengthen the enforcement and penalties for drugs. However, treatment and rehabilitation institutions for drug addiction had shortage. Therefore, the government was promoting a drug called ‘social evils" to the people. Drug addicts in Korea have been promoting the community as a "criminal" rather than "patients".

가스상 사고대비물질 시료채취 백 보존성 연구 -아크롤레인과 산화프로필렌을 중심으로-

이진선 ( Jin Seon Lee ),김기준 ( Ki Joon Kim ),윤준헌 ( Jun Heon Yoon ),최경희 ( Kyung Hee Choi ),조석연 ( Seok Yeon Cho ) 한국환경분석학회 2013 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.16 No.2

To help a safer control of toxic chemicals, this study was conducted to investigate the storage stability of acrolein (ACR) and propylene oxide (PO), both of which are highly inflammable and volatile in Tedlar bags for gaseous chemical sampling. Their storage stability was analyzed considering storage temperatures (2 and 25), chemical concentrations (low conc. ppm and high conc. ppm) and storage times (0, 48, 96, and 144 hr). The bags were also divided into two groups and compared against each other for stability: one group contained a single type of chemical and the other included a mixture of chemicals. As a result, the two chemicals were found to have a low storage stability based on chemical reactivity and storage time. While PO showed statistical significance in terms of concentration and mixing type, ACR presented statistical significance in temperature in the bag with a single type of chemical substance.

유소년의 골연령에 따른 체력 표준지표 개발

김대훈(Dae-Hoon Kim),윤형기(Hyoung-ki Yoon),오세이(Sei-Yi Oh),이영준(Young-Jun Lee),조석연(Seok-Yeon Cho),송대식(Dae-Sik Song),서동녘(Dong-Nyeuck Seo),김주원(Ju-Won Kim),나규민(Gyu-Min Na),김민준(Min-Jun Kim),오경아(Kyung-A Oh) 한국응용과학기술학회 (구.한국유화학회) 2021 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.38 No.6

본 연구는 유소년의 골연령에 따른 체력을 평가하는 데 있으며, 골연령에 따른 체력 표준지표를 통해 유소년들의 균형적인 발달을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 연구 대상은 골연령 11세∼13세및 역연령 11세∼13세에 해당하는 730명을 대상으로 하였으며 골연령 산출을 위해 X-ray 필름을 촬영한후 TW3 방법으로 평가하였다. 체격은 신장, 체중을 신장계(Hanebio, Korea, 2021), Inbody 270(Biospace, Korea, 2019)를 사용하여 총 2개의 체격 요소를 측정하였으며, 체력은 근력(악력), 평형성 (외발서기), 민첩성(플랫테핑), 순발력(제자리멀리뛰기), 유연성(좌전굴), 근지구력(윗몸일으키기), 심폐지구 력(셔틀런)으로 총 7개 체력 요소의 종목을 측정하였다. 자료처리 방법은 SPSS PC/Program(Version 26.0) 을 이용하여 기술통계, 독립표본 t-test 검정을 실시하였으며, p< .05수준에서 유의한 것으로 간주하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 11세∼13세 골연령과 역연령을 비교한 결과, 체력에서 남자는 근력, 순발력, 근지구력, 심폐지구력에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 여자는 근력, 평형성, 민첩성, 순발력, 유연성, 근지구력, 심폐지구력에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 골연령에 따른 유소년의 성별과 연령(11∼13세) 별로 체력평가의 기초 자료인 골연령 체력 표준지표를 개발하였다. This study aims to evaluate physical fitness according to the bone age of youth, and ultimately provide basic data for balanced development of youth through physical fitness standard indicators according to the bone age. A total of 730 youth aged 11 to 13 years in bone age and 11 to 13 years in chronological age were selected as subjects; and after taking X-ray films to calculate the bone age, they were evaluated by using the TW3 method. A total of 2 components in physique, which were stature and weight, were measured using a stadiometer(Hanebio, Korea, 2021) and Inbody 270(Biospace, Korea, 2019). A total of 7 components in physical fitness were measured as well, which included muscular strength (Hand Grip Strength), balance (Bass Stick Test), agility (Plate Tapping), power (Standing Long Jump), flexibility (Sit&Reach), muscular endurance (Sit-Up), and cardiovascular endurance (Shuttle Run). Descriptive statistics and independent t-test were conducted for data processing using the SPSS PC/Program(Version 26.0), and it was considered significant at the level of p< .05. The results of this study may be summarized as follow. First, the result of comparing the bone age and the chronological age of 11 to 13 years old in physical fitness, males showed significant difference in muscular strength, power, muscular endurance, and cardiovasular endurance. In females, muscular strength, balance, agility, power, flexibility, muscular endurance, and cardiovascular endurance showed significant difference. Second, physical fitness standard indicators were presented for each gender and age (11-13 years old) of youth according to the bone age; and based on this, physical fitness standard indicators, which are basic data for physical fitness evaluation according to the bone age of youth, were presented.