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정진농 부산대학교 1997 효원 영어영문학 Vol.15 No.1
Considering the tradition and peculiarity of American fiction, we could not miss or evade Gothicism from them. The reason is that Gothicism has been one of the most important components of the tradition and peculiarity of American fiction from its earliest stage and has left its traces on American fiction since then. The Gothic movement in literature arose from England in the latter half of the 18th century. Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto(1764) was its original work, and the term "Gothic" derived its origin from its subtitle A Gothic Story. It soon spread over the whole Europe, and reached even to America. The publication of Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland in September 1798 marked the beginning of American Gothic fiction. The American writers such as Edgar Allen Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne after him added the peculiar American fashion and tone to this new genre called Gothic imported from Europe. Therefore they developed it into the peculiar American Gothic mode Brown, Poe and Hawthorne were the representative writers who made the most important contribution to the development of American Gothic. In the later 19th century, however, Gothicism in American fiction was in declining circumstances. Writers such as William Dean Howells and Henry James might use the techniques of the Gothic mode, but they had already committed themselves in their major works to the new theories of literary realism. This is not to say that the Gothic died with the works of Poe and Hawthorne or Howells and James. The American Gothic tradition has been continued from the writers such as Edith Wharton and William Faulkner in the early 20th century to the Southern writers such as Carson McCullers, Eudora Welty, Truman Capote and Flannery O'Connor in the 1940s-50s, and the contemporary writers such as John Hawkes, Paul Bowles, and James Purdy.
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自然과 文明의 葛藤 (Ⅰ) : James Fenimore Cooper's The Pioneers James Fenimore Cooper의 The Pioneers에서
鄭鎭농 釜山大學校 1981 人文論叢 Vol.20 No.1
AbstractIn many respects james Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851) was the founding father of the novle in America. He found the peculiar materials of the American novel and created the unique myth in the American literature which did not inherit the myth.The Pioneers(1823) may be the most important one of Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales composed of five tales. In the novel, he showed the historical scene in which Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier theory was being practiced with the state of wilderness.This novel dramatizes the conflict between the main group, which swims with the main current of the historical progress, snd the anti-main group, which does against it. Those who constitute the main group are Judge Temple and other pioneers of Templeton; Natty Bumppo called Leatherstocking, the old Indian Chingachgook, and the young hunter Oliver Edwards belong to the anti-main group. But the most central figures among them are Judge Temple and the old hunter Natty Bumppo who represent the values of civilization and nature respectively.After all, Natty does not make himself surrender or adapt to Judge Temple's civilized society and law, but rather escapes from them. 'He had gone far towards the setting sun-the foremost in that band of pioneers who are opening the way for the march of the nation across the continent.'Accordingly, the issues raised by the conflict between them remain unsolved. Perhaps they can not be solved permanently, because the attitudes of Natty and Temple are two leading characteristics which constitute the national spirit of America.
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정진농 신한영미어문학회 1994 새한영어영문학 Vol.31 No.-
It is mainly in the nineteenth century that nature was dealt with as one of the most important subjects of the American literature. In fact, in that century many American writers choose nature as their literary subject in poetry and pros. Especially, James Fenimore Cooper, Mark Twain and Stephen Crane could be considered as the representative writers who dealt with nature as their important subject in the form of fiction. Cooper described nature as the source of useful value to give man usefulness physically as well as spiritually in his novels such as The Pioneers and The Prairie concerned with the American historical experiences in the wilderness and frontier. However, we find a good difference in the way and attitude in which his characters use nature. At any rate, we could consider this view of nature as a typical American one in the early frontier age. Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn reflects Emerson's view of nature, which we can ascertain in his book nature, to some degree. Emerson maintained that the noblest ministry of nature is to stand as the apparition of God, and man can get the intuitional insight and moral growth through such nature. The nature in Huckleberry Finn operates as the source of the moral value to give the hero Huck Finn such insight and moral growth. Finally, Crane shows another view of nature through his novel The Red Badge of Courage and one of his brilliant stories The Open Boat". It offered itself with the trend of Naturalism introduced to America in the last decade of the nineteenth century. According to that view, nature is only the indifferent physical object not to show any interest and kindness toward man and his fate. Probably, the above three views of nature may be considered as the representative ones that American people had toward nature throughout the nineteenth century. Of course, the view of nature may be changed in various ways thereafter. However, we could perceive a certain initiative paradigm of relation between man and nature, and some clues for recovering more desirable one between them from the views above.
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정진농 새한영어영문학회 2008 새한영어영문학 Vol.50 No.2
There have been unaccountable defenses for the book Lolita and its author Vladimir Nabokov since it was published in 1955, but any other defense has not been made for the protagonist Humbert. In this paper, I attempt to make a defense for him. The sins that Humbert committed are immoral, hateful, and horrifying. A 37-year-old man Humbert violated a 12-year-old girl Lolita, taking her numerous hotels and motels in various parts of the states. As a legal father of Lolita, he committed incest as well as pedophilia. He also committed homicide as he killed Clare Quilty who had kidnapped Lolita. Humbert's sin results from the destructive power of the perverted erus. Eros is the sensual and instinctual love which enchants and bewitches a man with irresistible force. It leads a man to the quicksand of destruction. On the other hand, it leads to the dialectic of the tremendous lift beyond the sensual and instinctual level. For Humbert, he becomes the abhorrent sinner who is caught with the destructive power of the perverted eros. At the close of the novel, however, his eros goes through purification and sublimation. He recovers the truth of love toward Lolita and feels the pang of conscience for his sins. The way he murders Clare Quilty, who is his double and shadow, is a symbolic ritual for cleaning his sins. Humbert writes his confession just before his death in the prison. This is the culmination of his love for Lolita as art, which Nabokov calls "aesthetic bliss." He achieves the immortality of his love for Lolita through this. Bringing my defense to a conclusion, I insist that Humbert is not innocent but guilty. However, concerning the application of punishment, let me leave it to the dccision of readers.
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