무주어문

전춘배 신한영미어문학회 1999 새한영어영문학 Vol.41 No.-

In spoken familiar English, we will notice that words are omitted from the beginning of a sentence, such as a pronoun subject and/or an auxiliary verb. This type of omission, which is called 'subjectless sentences' is a relatively neglected area in the studies of ellipsis and there are not very many systematic studies of this phenomenon. This paper concentrates mainly on the formal classification of various ellipsis types, based on the data collected from several listening and speaking textbooks and film scripts, and on the conditioning factors, which are syntactic, semantic, phonological and discourse-pragmatic. The ellipted words correspond to a nonconstituent in the full sentence, normally occur before the onset of a tone unit and hence have weak stress and low pitch, which relates to the fact that they have a low information value within the discoursal context. Many words that have a low information value are often reduced or deleted particularly in the spoken English. The auxiliaries which can be deleted in this way are limited to do, have and be: In declaratives if the subject is not deleted, the auxiliary can not be deleted. In yes-no questions, on the other hand, the deletion of the subject appears to be contingent on deletion of the auxiliary, in the sense that deletion of the subject is optional if the auxiliary is deleted. I present here the arguments that it may be appropriate to ascribe the omission of the subject and/or auxiliary in the subjectless sentences to information status on the discourse-pragmatic level, at least in part to stress and some other reductive process on the phonological level or to the definiteness on the semantic level or to the constituent on the syntactic level.

Chaucer's Women: His feminist/anti-feminist Vision

Yu, Je-Boon 신한영미어문학회 1999 새한영어영문학 Vol.41 No.-

이 논문은 Geoffrey Chaucer의 The Canterbury Tales중 "The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale" 과 "The Clerk's Prologue and Tale" 그리고 "The Franklin's Tale"을 중심으로, 여기에 반영된 쵸오서의 여성관과 결혼관을 살펴보았다. 이 세 작품은 쵸오서의 여성상과 결혼관을 가장 밀도있게 그린 작품들이다. 그렇지만 이들 사이에 존재하는 차이와 애매함으로 인해 쵸오서를 페미니스트나 혹은 반페미니스트로 규정짓기는 쉽지 않다. 여성주의와 관련하여 이미 다양한 논문이 나온 바 있는 "The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale"은 세 작품 가운데 쵸오서의 이중적 여성관이 가장 두드러진 작품이다. 5번의 결혼경력을 가진 여장부 바수부인은 겉으로 보기에는 자유로운 페미니스트이다. 그러나 작품이 진행될수록, 그녀는 남성 중심의 언어 속에 갇힌 인물로 드러난다. 그녀가 주장하는 여권이나 자유는 그녀에게 타자로 작용하는 상징체계의 언어로 구사됨으로써, 그녀 자신을 표현하지도 못한 채 남성중심의 중세사회가 그녀에게 부과한 것만을 재현할 뿐이다. 따라서 아이로니칼하게도 반페미니즘의 기법, 다시 말하면 여성의 전용물이라고 지칭되어온 거짓말과 눈물과 위협 등으로 5명의 전 남편들을 제압하면서 바스부인은 반페미니즘적 텍스트가 지칭하는 여성 그 자신이 되어간다. 페미니스트로서의 쵸오서의 애매함이 여기에 있다. 그러나 한편 바스부인은 결코 병적이지 않다. 반페미니즘의 텍스트를 휘둘러 5명의 전 남편들을 제압해 나가는 그녀의 당당함과 건강함은, 중세 여성의 한계 상황에서 기지를 발휘하는 독립적 여성의 한 모습으로 창출된 것이다. 바스부인의 이야기에 대한 하나의 대응으로 나온 "The Clerk's Preface and Tale"은 서기의 성격에 맞는 전형적이고 단선적인 여성 이미지를 전달한다. 신에 가까운 초월적 인내심을 지닌 여성 Grisilde를 중세 가부장사회의 이상적 여성으로 등장시킴으로써 이 작품은 반페미니스트적 텍스트로 간주될 수 있는 가능성을 내포하고 있다. 그러나 저자는 Grisilde가 하나의 이상형일 뿐, 현실은 아니라는 사실을 인지시킨다. 그리하여 결국 승리의 패는 Grisilde보다는 현실주의 바스부인에게 돌아간다고 할 수 있다. 여성의 정조와 명예를 주제로 설정한 "The Franklin's Tale"은 페미니즘의 논의에 근접한 작품으로 평가된다. 이 작품은 여주인공 Dorigen이 여성의 정조보다는 명예를 선택함으로써 남성의 영역으로 간주된 명예를 여성도 공유하는 모습을 보여준다. 감상적이고 이상적인 결함도 있지만, 조화로운 남녀관계를 제시하고 있다는 점에서, 앞의 두 작품에 나타난 쵸오서의 애매한 여성주의가 보다 명확히 정리될 수 있다.

John Steinbeck의 American Dream

전실근 신한영미어문학회 1994 새한영어영문학 Vol.31 No.-

John Steinbeck published several volumes of fiction, each as different from each other as all are different from the writings of most novelists. He employed a variety of techniques to describe an assortment of characters; pirates, farmers, and migrants who appeared successively in romantic, realistic, mystical, mock-heroic, dramatic, psychological, and sociological novels. But beneath this apparent variety, Steinbeck was astonishingly consistent. A single purpose directed his experimentation, a single idea guided his literary thought. Always his fiction described the interplay of dream and reality. His thought followed the development of the American dream. In this paper the theme of the American dream is researched through his novels, and The Grapes of Wrath is concentrated on more specically than any other novels. The Grapes of Wrath is too large a novel to be described briefly. In it the many skeins of Steinbeck's thought are woven into new patterns. In this paper I have to touch on mythology, which is not only a popular subject in literary criticism, but has a particular relevance to Steinbeck studies in order to reach the theme of the American dream from his writings. This paper will show that traditional myths and legends have much to do with the form and content of Steinbeck's fiction. True enough, Biblical and Athurian themes predominate in his work, but Greek mythology is by no means absent. In The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck made Tom Joad lead a new westward migration. He rediscovers America and recognizes that this land is not being used nor its opportunities kept open. He becomes a leader of the new pioneers, spiritually as well as physically. In the strange character of Jim Casy, the old dream finds new expression. For this ex-preacher, who has abandoned the old forms in order to see the desires of men as they are, dominates the story. As a spiritual leader Jim Casy preaches a Jesus-type love for human beings who are suffering in human agony. This idea of Casy's dream succeeds to Tom, the oldest son of the Joads, who transfers it to the rest of the Joad family. Although Jim Casy seems similar to the Joads to Jesus Christ as a spiritual leader, Casy's image does not correspond to Jesus'. Jim Casy shares in the experiences of his people and develops from them. And unlike the earlier idealists, he acts with his people. From him Tom Joad learns, both through words and through deeds. Whem Casy dies, Tom gives expression to his dream, and he continues to act upon it. And if Tom Joad dies, it will not matter, for the dream will live. His soul will become the soul of America, struggling for freedom. His soul goes marching on. The dream continues.

글쓰기의 관점에서 본 T.S. Eliot의 초기시 연구

이종철 신한영미어문학회 1995 새한영어영문학 Vol.33 No.-

In the literary movement of modernism structuralism began to happen when language became an obsessive preoccupation of intellectuals, because language seemed to be much less stable than the classical structuralists considered. The traditional idea of representation that one can fully present what one says or writes seemed to be an illusion. So the arbitrariness between the signifier and the signified was a great dilemma to poets, who aim to intensify the signified(the message) by using the signifiers specially. Lyotard calls modern the art which devotes its techniques to present the unpersentable. The techniques are related to the conflict between the faculty to conceive of something and the faculty to present something. T. S. Eliot also shows the conflict in his poems. It is presented through the inexpressible or the inarticulate such as lack of communication and gestures of animals which mean loss of words. Thus, Eliot searches for the Word, that is, the transcendental sign which will give meaning to all others--the transcendental signifier--and which has the unquestionable meaning to which all our signs can be seen to point--the transcendental signified. But the post-structural viewpoint of language is that such transcendental signs an Word, God, the Idea are a fiction. In fact, the "Word" which Eliot searches for turns into "DA" in The Waste Land. But "DA" is dispersed and dispersed and divided into "Datta," "Dayadhvam," "Damyata." The change of "Word" into "DA" implies that of heavenly word into human word. "DA" means that the word is inaccurate and incomplete but necessary, and that it should be remain legible. This is why Eliot continues to write again and again, and the ceaseless writing is his text, that is, his poetry.

미국소설과 유토피아

정혜욱 신한영미어문학회 1995 새한영어영문학 Vol.33 No.-

Utopia is nowhere and it is also somewhere good. But utopia is not just a dream to be enjoyed, but a vision to be pursued. So, Utopia's value lies not in its relation to present practice but in its relation to a possible future. As a literary genre, utopia involves the fictional depiction of an alternative society in some detail, criticizing the evils of an actual society. The utopian aspects appear strongly in the nineteenth century American literature dreaming of constructing a new society very different from that of Europe. In Leatherstocking Tales by Cooper and Typee by Meville, a kind of harmonious community appears. But their communities are depicted as "community lost" and not "community to be gained". In Twain's outstanding novel, The Adventures of Huckberry Finn, we see an ideal society through Huck's experience with Jim on a raft, even though it is temporary. Hawthorne's Blithedale Romance can be said as the first American utopian novel, but his perpective is that of Coverdale, a member of a failed community. Bellamy, the most successful and influential American author who wrote novels in the utopian vein, presents a vision of a glorious future society in Looking Backward, 2000-1887. Julian West, a young Bostonian, falls asleep under a hypnotic trance in 1887, But through a remarkable set of circumstances is awakened in the year 2000. He discovers that equality has been attained in the new Boston society of 2000. All industries and all institutions are under the control of the national government -- a system which, he is informed, has proved to be far more effective than the earlier one of free private enterprise because of the elimination of wasteful competition. These nationwide political and industrial institutions are structured of the plan of a military organization. After World War I & Ⅱ, however, utopian views have been obviously undermined. One has come to question whether scientific progress would always achieve social improvement. The traditional notion of Utopia as future good has been thus inverted. The idea of Dystopia has been recently applied to works of fiction. Aldous Huxley's of dystopian novels.

John Webster의 "The White Devil"에 나타난 여성과 권위

황영희 신한영미어문학회 1995 새한영어영문학 Vol.33 No.-

In "The White Devil," both authority and the individual who defies it are essentially corrupt. Much has been written of the prevasive evil of the world of the play, and it is difficult to find a moral center. The society dominant in this play is strictly stratified. On top are the "great men,' such as Brachiano and Francisco, who use their power of place to do as they please, regardless of morality. Below them are those who, like flamineo, are willing to toady to greatness in hopes of what advancement those in power might grant. Vittoria, the female protagonist, is well aware that she is trapped by her inferior place, and shr wishes to manipulate the hierarchy she understands all too well in order to advance herself. Since she is a woman, her status is governed by the man she serves -- her husband. As a result, her only path to success is to exchange one servitude for another, one man (Camillo) to another (Brachiano). She is intelligent enough to learn that once she has sold herself to those who have power, she can manipulate them into doing those things she is herself powerless to do. During the trial for Camillo's murder when a guilty Brachiano abandons Vittoria to face the charges, she rejects the doctrines of the proper submission of woman as inappropriate to the necessity forced upon her by the abuse of authority. Although she is sent to a house of penitent whores, she has succeeded in exposing the abuse of power of place that is at the heart of the corruption in her society. When we see through her actions that defiance of authority, even by a guilty woman, can be admirable in the face of the corruption of power, we have to reevaluate our estimation of the value of submission to authority.

Tristram Shandy에 나타난 새로운 글쓰기 과정과 언어의 세계

정길화 신한영미어문학회 1996 새한영어영문학 Vol.35 No.-

A New Approach for Early English Education

Hong,Jin-Ok 신한영미어문학회 1996 새한영어영문학 Vol.35 No.-

본 논문에서는 조기영어 교육을 위한 배경이론으로 Krashen이론을 도입하고 Krashen의 습득과 학습이론, 가설, monitor model 가설, 결정적 시기가설, 정서적 여과기 가설 등을 논의한다. 이 이론의 견지에서 볼때 조기 영어 교육의 알맞은 접근법을 위한 수업방식으로 TPR, information gap, silent way, CLT 등이 있으며 이러한 수업에 affective activities인 Hands-on approach 즉 Find someone who, simon says, Tic Tac Toe등이 권할만 하다. 한편, 조기 영어 교육을 위한 수업의 일반적 방향이 제시되는데 정확성보다는 유창성, 교사 중심보다는 학생 중심, 걱정 근심불안의 수준을 낮추는 일이 중요하며 무엇보다도 중요한 것은 이해입력(comprehensible input)을 교사가 제시해 주는 일이다. 그리고 교실에서는 가능한한 영어만을 사용하는 monolingual approach를 권하며 이것은 교사가 교실영어(classroom English)를 사용함으로써 가능하다고 본다.

대화-함의내의 전방조응에 대한 화용론적 분석

박홍철 신한영미어문학회 1997 새한영어영문학 Vol.37 No.-

The purpose of this article is to analyze reference in terms of 'A-first' analysis in pragmatics within Levinson's conceptual system(1987 a,b), based on neo-Gricean theory of conversational implicature. Levinson suggests that applying the Q-principles, I-principles and M-principles to the domain of anaphoric reference, one can drive a general pragmatic apparatus for the interpretation of reflexives. pronouns and Zero-anaphora, assuming the semantic content hierarchy. 'A-first' analysis depends crucially on the acceptance of binding condition A as a basic rule of grammar, presupposing that reflexives and pronouns are always in complementary distribution on a given interpretation.

셰익스피어 희극에 나타난 여주인공들의 양성성에 관한 연구 : 「베니스의 상인」,「뜻대로 하세요」,「십이야」를 중심으로

김경혜 신한영미어문학회 1997 새한영어영문학 Vol.38 No.-

This thesis aims to present an ideal woman type by Portia, Rosalind and Viola, who are in disguise as a man and under androgynous conditions, are solving their men's problems as well as their owns that are associated with their social status in patriarchy. Through this process, they show that women need androgyne to overcome women's traditional roles and to have balanced personalities, and that their androgynous qualities are not physical but mental. Portia, Rosalind and Viola take a disguise as a man. They can act like a man and can be in equal with him. Therefore they combine harmonizedly women's merits- wit, care, sympathy for others- and men's- courage, fortitude, self-confidence. As men's companions they guide their lovers or husbands to the right path ; from intrigue and disorder to order and harmony. At the last act, Portia, Rosalind, and Viola solve their problems as well as patriarchy's, and uncover their disguises and then they return to women outwardly. But innerly they develop men's merits through their disguises and show ideal personalities. That means in disguise they develop men's disirable qualities, not just imitate their behaviors and they can be better women than what they were. Portia, Rosalind, and Viola show that an ideal woman can be made by androgyne ; combination with men's merits and woven's, and their androgynes are mental and psychological beyond biological aspects. It is desirable for women to have androgynous aspects to overcome sexual category given by patriarchy.