Optimization algorithm for diesel engine operating parameters based on a vehicle driving test cycle

정대봉,방정환,최승목,최회명,민경덕 대한기계학회 2013 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.27 No.7

For compliance with stringent exhaust emissions regulations, diesel engines have been equipped with electronically controlled components. Hence, there are various engine operating parameters that must be optimized, however optimization of these parameters is complicated. The objective of this research is to provide a new optimization algorithm for the diesel engine operating parameters with consideration of the vehicle control strategy. To optimize engine operating parameters, the concept of the vehicle-based optimization has been introduced. The engine response functions for performance and emissions were determined using the design of experiments, the response surface method and regression method with various engine operating parameters. Then, the engine operating points of the vehicle during the test cycles were analyzed, and the fuel consumption and emissions were estimated. Consequently, the engine operating parameters at each operating point were optimized to reduce the fuel consumption and the emissions such as NOx and PM by using the gradient method. Moreover, a new optimization algorithm enables to optimize engine operating parameters in various test cycle without additional engine experiment.

영남지역 신석기-청동기시대 전환기 양상

정대봉 영남고고학회 2017 영남고고학회 학술발표회 Vol.26 No.1

東南海岸地域 轉換期 無文土器의 系統과 特性 –蔚山地域을 中心으로–

정대봉 한국상고사학회 2013 한국상고사학보 Vol.80 No.-

The purpose of this study was to identify the emergence process and background of plain coarse potteries in the southeastern coastal areas. Their emergence in the southern Korean peninsula during the transition period has been identified as northwestern potteries, such as the potteries with a notched raised band, and understood as the signaling remains and tools of initial cultures, along with large-scale square dwelling sites equipped with stone-lined hearth. However, double-rimmed potteries instead of potteries with a notched raised band were excavated in such forms of dwelling sites in southeastern coastal areas. It was believed that this was due to the differences in time and region that the northwestern potteries, namely the potteries with a notched raised band, appeared in the southeastern coastal areas, the geographically farthest areas, during the transmission process in the Korean peninsula. The double-rimmed potteries in the southeastern areas could be classified into a total of seven types. When considering the cross-sectional forms and jointing methods, it appeared that the most preceding type (I·II type) among them emerged based on the manufacturing traditions of southern coastal area based Yuli-line pottery neighboring, in terms of time and region. Namely, it was assumed that at the time when the potteries with a notched raised band influenced by the northwestern area style moved southward to the Korean peninsula, the tradition of Yuli-line potteries, the existing local potteries, remained in the southeastern areas located farthest from the northwestern areas. This study called them ‘comb-pattern plain coarse potteries’and set up the initial period of plain coarse potteries in the southeastern areas, depending on the presence of these potteries. One of the most representative remains would be‘ Ulju Guyoung-ri Remains V-1 Zone.’As such comb-pattern plain coarse potteries became extinct, the early period of plain coarse potteries started. During the first half of the early period, Garakdong-line double-rimmed potteries were prevalent, and Heunamri potteries were also in part excavated. As of the second half of the early period, differentiation occurred in that Garakdong-and Heunamri-line potteries became more prevalent in Ulsan area, and Yeoksamdong-and Heunamri-line potteries became popular in Gyeongju area. To conclude, it was found that the most earliest plain coarse potteries excavated in the southeastern coastal areas were the so-called comb-pattern plain coarse potteries and their lines could be traced from southern coastal area Yuli-line potteries at the end of the Neolithic Age. Depending on the presence of such comb-pattern plain coarse potteries, it was possible to establish the initial stage of potteries in such areas, and like other areas, Garakdong-, Yeoksamdong-and Heunamri-line potteries became mixed in the first half of the early period. It was confirmed that the forms of dwelling sites were changed from large-scale square and large-scale rectangle shapes in initial period to large-scale rectangle shapes in early period, in connection with the potteries. Namely, the initial period of plain coarse potteries in southeastern coastal areas was typical of the elements, such as the first stage double rimmed potteries and large-scale square dwelling sites, which could be understood as the specific regional characteristics of this period. 한반도 남부지역 신석기시대~무문토기시대의 전환기 연구는 돌대문토기의 출현과 함께 양 시대의 과도기적 양상을 규명하고자하는 목적에서 비롯되어 조기가 설정되었으나, 현재는 그 의미가 다소 퇴색되어 최근 연구의 동향은 돌대문토기 자체의 편년과 계통을 구하고자 하는 방향으로 진행되고 있다. 그 결과 양 시대의 괴리는 더욱 심해져 현재 연구자들 간에 이 시기는 여전히‘missing link'로 인식되고 있는 실정이다. 하지만 최근의 자료에 의하면 중서부지역을 제외한 한반도 남부 각 지역에서 즐문토기와 무문토기가 공반하여 출토하고 있으며 공반되지 않는다하더라도 초창기 무문토기에서 즐문토기적 요소가 다수 확인되고 있다. 따라서 필자는 전국에서 확인되는 이러한 전환기 양상을‘시간적 지역차’로 인식하고 지역별 실정에 따라 재지 토기와의 관련성 여부에 연구의 초점을 두었다. 특히 동남해안지역이라는 지역적 공간은 지정학적으로 대륙의 극동남단에 위치하고 있어 그러한 지역차가 뚜렷하게 나타난다. 전형적인 돌대문토기가 확인되지 않는 동남해안지역에서 가장 이른 시기의 무문토기는 이중구연토기인데 본고에서는 이러한 이중구연토기의 분류와 편년을 통해 그 계통을 추적하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 동남해안지역의 이중구연토기의 형식분류 총 7단계, 문양분류 총 7단계로 분류·편년하여 조합하였으며 최종적으로 이를 반출하는 주거지와의 조합을 통해 총 4단계의 단계설정을 시도하였다. 또한 이러한 편년 및 단계설정 외에 이중구연토기의 제작방법을 통해서도 계통추적을 시도한 바, 무문토기시대 동남해안지역의 초창기 이중구연토기의 제작은 전환기 이 지역의 강력한 재지 토기인 율리식토기의 제작기반에 기인한 것임을 밝힐 수 있었다. 이렇듯 전환기적 요소를 간직한 토기를‘즐문계무문토기’로 정의하였으며 그 시간적 위치는 타 지역 돌대문토기문화 출현시기보다 한 단계 늦은 것으로 파악하였다.

선천성 기형을 동반한 단일 제대동맥 신생아 2례

정대봉,박동호,김명철,문경래,박영봉,박상기 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1997 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.22 No.1

A single umbilical artery is present in about 2/1,000 births. Approximately 10-15% of Infants with a single umbilical artery have congenital abnormalities, usually more than one, chromosomal abnormalities, fetal growth retradation, prematurity, perinatal mortality and many such infants are stillborn or die shortly after birth. We experienced two cases of single umbilical artery. One had congenital malformation of left ectopic fused kidney, but hadn't cytogenetic abnomality. The other had cytogenetic abnormality of 46XY,inv(6)(q11q16), morphologic abnormalities of polydactyly & lower palpebral fissure and congenital abnormalities of tracheoesophageal atresia & TOF. We reported these cases with a related literature review.

靑銅器時代早期二重口緣土器의 觀察 –진주 평거 3– 1지구 유적을 중심으로–

정대봉 한국상고사학회 2015 한국상고사학보 Vol.89 No.-

It is a double-rimmed pottery and Doldaemun pottery which is marking a beginning of early Bronze Age in the Korean Peninsula. The material culture of Early Bronze Age has been identified by increasing data and continuous research. It is that their origin is from northwestern province of the Korean Peninsula and some is from the northeast area of the Korean Peninsula. However, so far the Research trends have been focused on typical Doldaemun pottery and now there is a lack of research on double-rimmed pottery in early Bronze Age. Therefore, in this paper, I looked up the meaning of the double-rimmed pottery, and making a classifying between double-rimmed pottery by old and new type. An old type double-rimmed pottery is also divided traditional type and exotic type. Meanwhile, according to the most recent data, it is so difficult to divide double-rimmed pottery or Doldaemun pottery. Because of morphological resemblance. So I suggested that the way of division method by manufacturing techniques. Also I made a conclusion the origin of these pottery is individual variation of northwestern province of the Korean Peninsula. So, to propose naming of these new type of double-rimmed pottery to "double-rimmed pottery of Pyunggeodong type", It appears only early Bronze Age in the Nam river basin in southern area of the Korean Peninsula. 한반도 남부지역 청동기시대의 시작과 함께 등장하는 이중구연토기는 청동기시대 早期부터 前期까지 장기간 존속하는 토기이다. 하지만 이러한 이중구연토기는 장기존속에도 불구하고 계통과 분류가 분명치 않아 혼란을 초래하고 있다. 돌대문계토기와 공반하며 (석상)위석식노지를 갖춘 대형 (장)방형 주거지에서 출토되는이중구연토기의 계통은 크게 조기의 古式과 전기의 新式으로 구분되고 古式은 다시 재지계와 외래계로 분류할 수 있다. 고식의 재지계이중구연토기는 상촌리식토기와 같이 점토띠를 기벽에 두르는 형태로 제작되고 외래계는 요동계이중구연토기와 같이 점토띠 자체가 구연단을 형성하는 방식으로 제작된다. 본고에서는 제작기법상 이러한 분류에 속하지 않는 진주 평거 3–1지구 유적의 이중구연토기군에 대해 필자가 실견하여 관찰한 내용을 종합적으로 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 이중구연부의 제작기법은 구연단을 꺾어 접는방식으로 제작한 것이 밝혀졌고 이러한 방식은 서북지역 및 동북지역에서 전혀 확인되지 않는 방식이다. 이러한 제작방식은 조기 전반 외래계 古式이중구연토기가 서북지역에서 한반도 남부지역으로 남하하면서변형된 고유의 형태로 파악되며 중심연대는 조기 후반에 속하며 이를‘평거동식이중구연토기’로 지칭하여 구분할 것을 제안하는 바이다.

청동기시대 전기의 역연대 : 서울·경기지역을 중심으로

정대봉 한국고고학회 2013 한국고고학전국대회 발표문 Vol.- No.37

東北型石刀 재검토

정대봉 영남고고학회 2023 嶺南考古學 Vol.- No.97

There is no archaeological information about so-called far east type knives in early Bronze age at Far East area. The name is also used by so many different thing so we have to need unity. Since the 1930s, there is only study on it by BAE(2007) in the Korean archaeological society yet. But, recently, it’s increasing of new data on western Kangwon area and south-east coast area. And now there are several problem is out, So it is necessary to fix the data by archaeological method. Therefore, on this research, It will be fully covered of data, and then to try type classification, supposition of function, finally offered each name of stone tools. So existing type of I is divided two type and named to ‘deboning knife’, ‘cutting knife’. And existing type of Ⅱ/Ⅲ is combined one type and named to ‘skinning knife’ finally. Especially skinning knife is compare with ULU, ancient alaska tool. Also to try recording chronologically all of data, as a result, proved not chronologically but the object. Deboning knife is used to deboning of small and medium sized mammal, cutting knife is used to a daily multi tool, skinning knife is used to skiver. Especially there are 4 type of skiver. Type of ⅠㆍⅡ is on small and medium sized mammal, type of ⅢㆍⅣ is on Pinnipedia where lived coast of the Korean Peninsula. At last considering on livelihood strategy of early Bronze Age in Korean Peninsula by composition ratio of all stone tools. Consequently, society at early Bronze Age in Korean Peninsula is put weight on hunting- gathering society rather than agrarian society. And these trend has connected to late Bronze Age so called ‘Type of Gumdanri society’.

영남지역 청동기시대 조·전기 주거형태의 변화와 특징

정대봉 부산고고학회 2024 고고광장 Vol.- No.33

한반도 남부지역 청동기시대 연구는 짧은 시간 내에 눈부신 성과를 거듭해 왔지만, 대부분의 성과는 유물(토기)을 위주로 한 형식화·양식화에 따른 편년연구에 집중되었다. 시간의 흐름에 따라 일정한 방향성을 가지고 형식변화 하거나 조합을 이루어 ‘양식’이 되는 유물에 비해 주거형태의 변화는 매우 보수적이며 기후, 환경, 사회경제체제 혹은 기술의 발전이나 인간의 기호 등과 같은 인문·사회·지리적 복합요인에 의해 서서히 변화하므로 형식학적 방법이나 양식론과 같은 전통 고고학적 방법론으로 이해하기는 어렵다. 따라서 본고의 연구방법은 주거형태의 개념 및 용어정리, 자료의 검토, 주거형태 변화의 특징과 고고학적 含意 등에 기반하였다. 우선 현재 혼란이 가중되고 있는 청동기시대 이른 시기의 주거형태를 망라하여 일관된 개념과 정의를 통해 典型을 설정한 다음, 미사리식주거지1·2, 가락동식주거지1·2, 관산리식주거지1·2·3, 先검단리식주거지 등으로 대별하여 특수성을 부여하였다. 그리고 대상지역 내 대표 유적을 선정하여 변화과정을 고찰하였다. 끝으로 각 주거형태별 변화양상을 종합하여 고고학적 의미를 부여하였다. 그 결과, 평면형태변화, 노지의 분할 및 복수화 현상 등은 세대공동체의 증가로 이해하였고 노지의 구조는 이주민 집단에 포함된 전통의 잔존으로 파악하였다. 그리고 전기 超세장방형주거형태(관산리식주거지3)는 고위도 지역에서 나타나는 농업과 어업, 사냥, 채집 등 복합적인 정착형경제활동에 의해 유지되는 초기 정착마을에서 보이는 롱하우스(longhouse) 문화로 인식하였다. 그리고 이를 우리 선사문화의 ‘보편성’으로 인식하였다. A research on Bronze age in S.Korea has made remarkable progress, but most of the achievements are confined on recording chronologically by pottery. It is so difficult to understand transition in housing type more than pottery because it is so conservative to change compared with pottery. Also it is changing by climate, environment, economic structure, development of technology, human preference and so on. The research method is order by fundamental concept of housing type of early Bronze age in S.Korea, case review, transition and feature in housing type and implication of archaeology. First of all, to set up typical housing feature of four types, and making a division for Misari, Garakdong, Kwansanri and Heunamri type. In sequence, to observe transition and feature of all housing type in Youngnam region especially the middle and upper streams of the Nakdonggang River, inland area, the southwestern area and south-east coast. The housing type of Misari demonstrate for transition of floor plan, number of fire pit and structure. The housing type of Garakdong demonstrate for becoming longer and disappearing of foundation stone. The housing type of Kwansanri also demonstrate for disappearing stone fire pit and standardizing of wooden column. On the other hand, housing type of Heunamri demonstrate for reduced fire pit and becoming re-smaller floor plan. And it turns to type of Gumdanri that is the latter part of Bronze age in the southeastern region. In conclusion, I analyzed for transition and feature in housing type as characteristics of early Bronze age in the Korean Peninsula also as universality of hunting-gathering society. In other words, the appearance of early Misari type is characteristics for deportation and settlement especially Korean Peninsula while type of Kwansanri is understood for universality by being expanded floor plan, division of fire range, structure transition, standardization of intercolumniation, that is also understood longhouse culture where living high latitude area. Popularly, in such society is understood as a complex incipient agriculture and hunting-gathering society. This research regard that society as universality of prehistoric culture of Korean Peninsula. And a pull-factor of transition in housing type occurs by complex causes such as population growth, development of technology, natural environment change, livelihood strategy and so on.

영남지역 신석기~청동기시대 전환기에 대한 小考

정대봉 한국청동기학회 2018 한국청동기학보 Vol.23 No.-

이 글은 중서부지역이나 최근 新자료가 늘어난 강원지역 등과 다른 양상으로 진행되는 영남지역 신석기~청동기시대 전환기에 대한 자료의 검토를 위해 작성되었다. 그간의 신석기~청동기시대의 전환기 양상연구에 대한 동향은 많은 연구자에 의해 단절 또는 계승이라는 이분법적 연구결과로 점철되어 왔다. 그 배경은 양 시기 집단이 고고자료상 매우 소극적 접촉결과만을 남기고 있다는 점을 주된 이유로 들 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 최근 양 시기의 물질문화에 대한 구체적 비교·검토가 이루어지고 있는 상황이고 토기나 문양 또는 역연대의 결과도 양 시기가 결코 단절적으로 분리되어 있지 않다는 견해가 우세한 상황이다. 전환기 양상을 검토함에 있어서 그동안 신석기시대는 가장 최후의 토기양식기인 율리식단계에만 집중한 경향이 강했다. 하지만 신석기 최후 단계인 율리식토기단계의 경우 대부분의 유적이 패총에 국한되어 있기 때문에 취락유적으로 존재하는 청동기시대의 물질문화와 직접적인 비교를 하기에는 이중구연토기라는 한정적 자료에 봉착하여 더 이상의 논의를 하기 힘든 점이 사실이다. 따라서 본고에서는 전환기 양상을 급격한 시간적 간극을 통한 과정으로 파악하고 자료의 외연을 후·말기로 확장하여 파악하는 것에 초점을 맞추었다. 자료의 선정에 있어 신석기시대와 청동기시대의 유구가 동일 유적·층위에서 확인된 사례를 검토하는 것에 주안점을 두어 영남내륙지역의 김천 송죽리유적, 밀양 금천리유적, 남강유역의 상촌리유적, 진주 평거 3-1지구유적을 대상으로 하였다. 그 결과 접점이라 할 수 있는 이중구연토기, 문양, 이형토기 등에서 공통분모를 어느 정도 간취할 수 있었고 그러한 공통분모를 양방향적인 교류로 이해하였다. This article is about transition period of neolithic age-bronze age in Youngnam region. Transition period of neolithic age-bronze age in Youngnam region took on something different aspect compare with the Middle West region or Gangwon region. In view of the results so far achieved of transition period has been a series of dichotomy, which is severance or continuity. The reason is that both of group is leaving negative contact on this time. However, a recent trend is researches are being done about this subject. Patternless earthenware, pattern of the earthenware, radiocarbon dating is also suggested meaning of both time and group is not separated. I Think that is a prevailing view of this subject lately. In doing this subject, many researcher is focused on Yul-li type stage, which is the last type of the neolithic age in Southern Korean Peninsula. But it is too difficult on comparative study of this stage because that neolithic age ruins are left a shell mound type, but settlement type. The only clue is double-rimmed pottery. Therefore, in this article, Focused on gain insight into transition period by in a brief space of time, and then extending sight edge of the latter part of neolithic age. So selecting data is oriented on the same period and layer both of neolithic age-bronze age, like Song-juk-ri, Geumcheon-ri, Sang-chon-ri, Pyeonggeo-dong site, and so on. As a result, I got a common denominator between both of time and group by shape of double-rimmed pottery, common pattern of the earthenware, variant pottery and so on, that is two-way communication.

xEV 배터리의 열관리를 위한 온도 예측 모델 개발에 관한 연구

정대봉(Daebong Jung),손동기(Dongkee Sohn),전진용(Jinyong Jeon) 한국자동차공학회 2016 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.5

In recent, xEV has been emerged as alternative solution to resolve the environment problem since it can improve fuel economy and reduce exhaust gas emission. Especially, a lithium ion battery (LIB) which has higher power and energy density than other type battery is core part of xEV since it has significant effect on the performance of xEV. However, it should be noted that thermal management system is necessary to use LIB because it is very sensitive to temperature. In this study, the thermal network model which can estimate the battery temperature in the battery module or pack has been developed based on fundamental heat transfer mechanism. The target battery module consists of cells, coolant circuit, and fixing plates. Each part is modeled as thermal mass and connected to each other through conduction and convection models. To improve accuracy of the model, multi-mass model is applied to fixing plate and coolant circuit. The simulation results were validated with the experimental data and showed good agreement by ±1℃.