태평양전쟁기 미국의 對일 심리전과 일본인의 반응

장회식(Jang, Hoi-sik) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2013 군사 Vol.- No.87

The purpose of this study is to further our understanding the conduct of American psychological warfare against the Japanese homeland and their reactions during the Pacific War in order to induce demoralization among Japanese people and thus hasten Japan"s defeat. Two policies, as a "devide and rule" tactic, were central to American psywar operations: to tell the truth and to refrain from criticizing Japanese emperor Hirohito and ordinary Japanese. The strategy of telling the truth was designed primarily to establish and maintain the credibility of information disseminated by Americans. It enabled propagandists to establish trust between themselves and the Japanese people they hoped to influence. It dictated that psywarriors induce despair within the enemy"s ranks by distributing accurate information. The decision not to criticize the Japanese emperor was astute. Rather than blaming the emperor for the devastating results of the war, which would have alienated the target audience, American propaganda portrayed Hirohito and ordinary Japanese as an unwitting victim of the militarists who controlled Japan and were always criticized by American psywarriors. Japanese authorities made a considerable effort to prevent the effectiveness of American psychological warfare. The Japanese reactions to American propaganda were that the early leaflet efforts were unsuccessful, partly because they were poorly adapted to the target. As the war situation worsened and quality of leaflets improved, however, they met acceptance, especially from the early summer 1945 on. What has to be noted is that the leaflet disseminated on the homeland saying that the Japanese government accepted the Potsdam Declaration for surrender, influenced Hirohito"s decision to issue an Imperial Rescript ending the war.

NATO의 리비아 정권교체 원인에 관한 분석

장회식(Jang, Hoi Sik) 한국아프리카학회 2013 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.38 No.-

This article aims to analyze the reasons of the NATO’s regime change in Libya, which occurred in 2011. The reasons that led America and its NATO partners to make the ‘unfriendly’ Qaddafi regime collapse and thereby build a ‘pro-Western’ government were to pursue oil and financial interests in Libya and prevent the rising China from securing African natural resources. To achieve these goals, NATO members, through their intelligence agencies and special forces, played a vital role in arming and training opposition groups within Libya, and instigating violent rebellion with the help of covert mercenary forces. When the Qaddafi government forces attempted to quell the thus-nurtured armed insurrection, America and its Western allies accused them of human rights violations and began to embark openly and self-righteously on the path of regime change in the name of ‘responsibility to protect’ the human rights. As a result, they succeeded in bringing down Qaddafi from power. In this regard, the nature of the regime change in Libya was not a voluntary revolution from within, but ‘NATO-sponsored one’.

학술논문 : 유라시아의 가스 파이프라인 전쟁 ; TAPI 및 IPI를 둘러싼 미국의 전략과 관련국의 대응

장회식 ( Hoi Sik Jang ) 한국군사학회 2013 군사논단 Vol.74 No.-

This article explores the ``New Great Game`` in the Eurasian continent and the struggle over the construction of gas pipelines by focusing upon the United States` strategy for the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline(TAPI) and Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline(IPI), and relevant countries` counteraction. Evoked with the British-Russian rivalry in the 19th century in mind, the ``New Great Game`` has raised questions of who would fight for the power vacuum in the Eurasian continent left over by the dissolved Soviet Union, and for what purposeful interests. The competition over the construction of the two pipelines and the routes they will take is at the heart of the ``New Great Game``, which has been playing out in earnest since the mid-1990s, has four major players, namely, the United States, China, Russia, Iran, and more modest actors, such as India and Pakistan. The ``New Great Game`` is most visible in the multi-pipeline strategy touted by the U.S. A diversification strategy would provide the United States with greater space for maneuvering between great powers, thereby maintaining its supremacy in the world. The promotion of the TAPI supported by the U.S. has implications for other regional players. This article asserts that the ultimate aim of the U.S. is to prevent China, Russia and Iran from becoming a hegemon which may seek to dominate either Eurasia or the part of it. To counter the United States` purpose, and maximize their own benefits and interests, the three powers have promoted an alternative pipeline, the IPI. The United States, however, will continue to fight for the ``New Great Game``, as it tries to keep countries involved from taking part in the IPI project.

태권도원의 외교

장회식 ( Hoi Sik Jang ) 국제태권도학회 2017 국제 태권도 컨퍼런스 Vol.2017 No.-

태권도 원류에 관한 역사적 고찰

장회식(Hoi Sik Jang) 한일관계사학회 2016 한일관계사연구 Vol.53 No.-

이 글은 태권도학계에서 과거 수십 년 동안 논란이 되어온 우리 고유무술이 태권도로 발전했다는 ‘전통주의 역사관’과 태권도의 원류가 일본 가라데였다는 ‘수정주의 역사관’에 대한 비판적인 의문을 바탕으로 연구한 것이다. 본 연구는 조선시대의 표류민들이 유구(오키나와)에 표착한 후 무술을 가르친 흔적과 이들의 영향을 받은 오키나와인들이 일본 본토에 가라데를 보급하는 과정을 중심으로 분석하여 오키나와 가라데와 한반도의 연관성을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 일본측 자료를 바탕으로 분석한 결과, 유구에서 외국과의 교류가 가장 활발했던 무역항인 도마리의 표류민 수용소에 장기간 수용되어 있었던 조선인들 가운데 무술에 조예가 깊었던 사람들에게 유구인들이 무술을 배워 오키나와 가라데 발전에 기여하였다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 조선 무술로부터 영향을 받아 발전된 오키나와 가라데는 1920년대 초기부터 일본 본토에 보급되어 일본 가라데로 발전하였다. 본토 보급과정에서 조선 유학생들이 오키나와 출신 가라데 사범들로부터 가라데를 배웠다. 본 연구 결과, 조선 표류민들로부터 무술을 전수받아 발전된 오키나와 가라데를 일본에 유학한 조선인들이 배워 해방 후 태권도로 발전시킨 사실이 밝혀져 조선 무술과 태권도 사이에 연속성이 있음이 확인되었다. This article posits that the continuing debates for several decades between traditionalists and revisionists on the roots of Taekwondo are impractical for formulating the legitimacy of its history. Instead, this writing outlines a new way of thinking about the roots of the Korean martial art by mainly focusing on the influences of Chosun era drifters who stayed in the Ryukyu Kingdom(now Okinawa, Japan) and the propagation of Okinawan Karate on the Japanese homeland. During the Ryukyu period, many drifters from the Chosun Kingdom(now Korea) were rescued on the sea or elsewhere, and sent to the center for foreign drifters at Tomari village. Ryukyu people learned a martial art from Chosun drifters at the center, developed their own style, Okinawan Karate, and from the early 1920s Okinawan masters propagated Karate to the Japanese, including Korean students, on the homeland. During or after the Pacific War of 1941-45, some Korean students, who learned Japanese Karate from Okinawan masters, returned to Korea and took a great role in developing a Korean style martial art, called ‘Taekwondo’. These results show much continuity between Chosun’s martial art and Taekwondo.

류큐(오키나와) 가라테에 대한 한국 불교의 영향

장회식(Jang, Hoi-Sik),김중헌(Kim, Jung-Heon) 한일관계사학회 2018 한일관계사연구 Vol.59 No.-

이 글은 류큐(오키나와)에서 대장경 입수를 통한 불교발전이 오키나와 가라테에 미친 영향을 규명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 기존의 연구에서는 주로 대장경의 류큐 전래에 관한 것이나 조선의 무관이 기술적인 측면에서 류큐의 가라테인에게 무술을 전파한 사실에 대해서만 언급해 왔다. 본고는 기존연구의 한계를 보완하기 위해 조선에서 유입된 대장경이 류큐 불교발전과 가라테에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지에 대해 분석한 것이다. 류큐불교의 발전은 세계 최고의 인쇄기술을 자랑하던 고려가 간행한 고려재조대장경의 전래와 깊은 연관성이 있다. 『조선왕조실록』의 대장경 요청 기록에서 잘 나타나 있듯이 류큐왕이 조선으로부터 수입된 외국 문물중에서 가장 중요시 했던 물건은 대장경이었다. 류큐왕은 대장경이 없을 경우에는 다른 경전, 범종, 불교 관련 도구 등을 요청하기도 했다. 류큐왕의 간청에 대해 조선왕은 5차에 걸쳐 대장경을 하사하였다. 한국과 오키나와 자료를 바탕으로 분석한 결과, 조선에서 건너간 대장경이 류큐의 불교발전에 크게 기여하였다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 가라테에서 불교적 요소가 짙은 이유는 류큐의 역대 왕들이 불교융성을 위해 조선으로부터 전래된 대장경과 각종 경전을 주요 사찰에 봉안시키고, 당시 어린아이 교육을 담당한 사찰의 승려들이 가라테 수행과 전승에 중추적인 역할을 하였기 때문이다. 가라테 발상지인 오키나와의 가라테에서 보이는 불교적 요소는 품새와 같은 신체 · 기술적인 면과 정신적 측면에도 심대한 영향을 미쳤는데, 후자의 경우는 ‘권선일치’ 사상으로 구현되었다. 결론적으로 조선으로부터 대장경과 각종 불서가 류큐로 유입되어 불교를 융성시켰고, 이렇게 발전한 불교가 가라테에 큰 영향을 주었다는 점에서 한반도에서 건너간 불교문화재와 류큐 가라테의 관계가 깊다는 사실이 확인되었다. This article analyzes the correlation between Okinawan Karate and the development of Ryukyu Buddhism through the Tripitaka Koreana, which is a complete collection of Buddhist sutras, laws, and treatises. During the early Ryukyu Dynasty period most temples which needed the Tripitaka Koreana were related to Zen Buddhism. During the fifteenth century, Ryukyu`s kings, who wanted to promote Buddhism, were eager to import the Tripitaka Koreana from Joseon (now Korea) and eventually obtained five sets. The procurement of the Tripitaka Koreana contributed tremendously to the development of Zen Buddhism in the Ryukyu kingdom. Ryukyuan people learned a martial art from Zen Buddhists who served as the principal educators and practitioners of karate. Based on the evidence found in Ryukyu (Okinawa) and Joseon documents, this research argues that various factors, including physical techniques and the spirit of Zen Buddhism, influenced karate. These results show a strong correlation between the imported Tripitaka Koreana and the development of Okinawan Karate.