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張俊九(Chang June-gu) 미술사연구회 2008 미술사연구 Vol.- No.22
Chen Hong-shou (陳洪綬, 1598-1652) was a late-Ming literati painter who made a significant contribution in establishing and reviving antiquarianism in figure paintings in the history of Chinese painting. Chen was an artist with diverse talents. He was a painter, a calligrapher of high-caliber, a famous illustrator for popular novels and romance, and a poet. Archaic and antiquarian thematic and pictorial styles formed the distinctive quality of Chen’s works. Existing researches on Chen Hong-shou have not yet investigated several important issues, such as how his paintings were inter-related with his state of psychology or to his varied and complex life experiences as a Ming leftover loyalist. I believe that Chen was fundamentally an anguished drifter unsettling in between neither Ming nor Qing dynasty. Ho T’ien-chang in The Pleasure Outing of Ho T’ien-chang can be regarded as a symbol of the collective identity of leftover Ming intellectuals, who decided to become hermit scholars like Tao Yuan-ming. In this imaginary group portrait, Chen Hong-shou depicted the thwarted and conflict-ridden lives of left-over loyalties of Ming dynasty, including the painter himself. Chen represented the main subject of life and culture of his contemporary leftover intellectuals such as Ho T’ien-chang by portraying him as Tao Yuan-ming, a legendary hermit scholar whom Ming loyalists wished to associate themselves with. In The Pleasure Outing of Ho T’ien-chang appears Ho T’ien-chang, who lived in retirement out of suffering and conflict from the fall of his country. He sits tranquil in a quite surrounding, which represents the life of Ho T’ien-chang as a hermit scholar who received high-esteem from Ming loyalists. Large pine trees, bamboos, and Taihu rocks in the background symbolize the pure image of Ho T’ien-chang. The large pine trees extending their branches wide, the bamboos standing behind the pines and the Taihu rocks lying in the foreground all refer to the way of life of a nobleman who does not give up their spiritual nobleness even in perilous conditions. These objects are no mere sceneries. They were traditionally metaphors of unbent will and integrity of the noble men situated in the time of hardships, and they visually amplify Ho T’ien-chang who led his life with a clean and pure spirit despite the desolate reality. However, The Pleasure Outing of Ho T’ien-chang takes note of the tragic reality where such a literati intellectual with exceptional talent and nobleness like Ho T’ien-chang should end his life as a drifter and a hermit scholar. An almost inconspicuous chrysanthemum on the corner of the rock to the right side of Ho T’ien-chang in the painting implies the unfortunate lives of drifters as a visual metaphor. Among the drifting intellectuals, chrysanthemums have thus been regarded as a symbol of hardship and frustration of Ming leftover loyalists. By depicting the portrait of Ho T’ien-chang, Chen Hong-shou attached strong social significance and a high level of pictorial symbolism in The Pleasure Outing of Ho T’ienchang. From the outer appearance, the painting seems to have rendered the “pleasure outing”of Ho T’ien-chang, but it is a symbolical painting of Chen Hong-shou who represents the common “consciousness of Ming leftover”among Ming loyalists and the artist himself.
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동아대학교석당박물관 소장 ≪자수 초충도 병풍≫을 통해 본 조선시대 초충도의 연원
장준구(Chang, June-gu) 동서미술문화학회 2021 미술문화연구 Vol.20 No.20
그간 조선시대의 초충도는 신사임당과의 밀접한 관련성 속에 논의되어왔다. 이러한 과정에서 신사임당과 초충도의 밀접한 관련성과 허구성이 모두 드러나게 되었다. 이글은 기존의 연구들과는 방향을 달리하여 단정할 수 없는 작가와의 관련성을 배제하고, 조선시대 초충도 가운데 시기적으로 가장 선행하는 표현방식을 보여주는 ≪자수 초충도 병풍≫을 자세히 검토하는 것을 목표로 했다. ≪자수 초충도 병풍≫의 표현방식은 기본적으로 원말명초 중국 비릉화파의 초충도에 연원을 두고 있어, 기본적으로 동일한 조형적 특징들이 발견된다. 또 당시 『경사증류비급본초』, 『음선정요』, 『구황본초』등 조선에 유입되었던 본초서와 의학서의 삽도들도 그 영향이 적지 않았을 것으로 생각된다. 이와 관련하여 오히려 조선시대 초충도의 전개에 있어서 실질적으로 큰 역할을 담당한 인물이 신사임당이 아니라, 강희안이었을 가능성이 높다는 점도 새로운 주목의 대상이다. In the Joseon Dynasty, Chochungdo was discussed in close connection with Sin Saimdang. In this process, the close relationship and fiction of Sin Saimdang and Chochungdo were revealed. Unlike previous studies, this article aims to exclude the connection between the unpredictable writers and to examine The Embroidered Screen of Grass and Insects which shows the most advanced expression of the early Joseon period. The expression method of the The Embroidered Screen of Grass and Insects originates in the superimpression of a picture of insects in the Bilung area, and essentially the same formative features are found. It is also believed that the herbal books and illustrations of medical books that were introduced to Joseon at the time had a significant impact. In this regard, it is also interesting to note that it is highly likely that the person who played a substantial role in the development of Chochungdo during the Joseon Dynasty was not Shin Saimdang, but Kang Hee-an.
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장준갑(Chang Jun-Kab) 부산경남사학회 2009 역사와 경계 Vol.70 No.-
This pater estimates changes in Korean-American relations imposed by Nixon Administration's Asian Detente. Nixon Administration implemented the relaxation of American-Chinese relationship to reduce its military expenses, but to keep its hegemony in Asia. Nixon Doctrine was announced in this context: Asianization of Asian conflicts which meant Koreanization of Korean problems in case of Korea. In the summit talks in 1969, Nixon explained Park Chung Hee, the President of South Korea, the new Korean policy of Nixon administration - reduction of U.S. armed forces in Korea, cuts in American military aid to Korea, and an easing of strained tensions between South and North Koreans. Park, who heavily relied on American supports for his political stakes, vainly tried to persuade Nixon not to apply Nixon Doctrine to South Korea. The implementation of Nixon Doctrine to South Korea make Park build strongholds for his own political power in internal affairs by taking actions such as a bill for amending the constitution for third term, emergency measures, Constitution for Revitalizing Reform. Korean-American relations began to change with all those factors: a sign of tensioned relations between the two countries in 1970s.
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장준갑(Junkab Chang),심인보(Inbo Sim) 역사비평사 2014 역사비평 Vol.- No.109
The paper examines how the 9/11 National Commission worked for finding the truth behind the 9/11 terrorist attack. The paper first discusses the organization including the committee members, its staff, and political views and affiliations of the major players. It also investigates how the aim of the Committee was accomplished; there are two different views of this. The Committee was very successful in determining the facts because its final report contains details of the incident and identified its underlying cause of Islamic hatred of the US. It also highlighted internal failures of national security in various levels of the government including the White House, CIA, FBI, etc. However, the Committee failed to determine any internal responsibilities for the 9/11 attack. The final report concluded that Al Qaeda and Osama Bin Ladin were the only key elements of the attack and did not mention anything about the US government"s wrong doing.
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존슨 행정부 초기의 한미관계(1964~66) : 베트남 파병 협상을 중심으로
장준갑(Chang Jun-Kab) 호서사학회 2009 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.52
This pater examines the negotiations for the dispatch of Korean troops to Vietnam which was both imposed by Johnson administration and volunteered by Park Chung Hee government of South Korea. The negotiations set a early stage for changes in patron-client mentality which had characterized relations between two countries since 1945. As Vietnam War grew in intensity in 1965, Johnson administration, faced with a urgent reinforcement of ground forces, tapped on Korean government about sending combat troops to Vietnam. When Park, who wanted to sent his combat troops to earn economic profits both from American and Vietnam, received the request of sending troops from American government, he somehow had the upper hand for the first time in the negotiations with America and this made him encourage to courageously ask the American government what he wanted. Even though he could not achieve all of his demands, the new diplomatic experiences on the side of Park government, heavily relied on American supports for survival in internal and external affairs, gave it a little self-confidence toward America. In this sense, the negotiations for the dispatch of Korean troops to Vietnam between two countries functioned as a turning point breaking through the feeling of being victimized and inferiority of Koreans and prepared a new chapter between them: a sign of tensioned relations in 1970s.
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