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張長植(Jang Jang-sik),박진태(토론자) 비교민속학회 2002 비교민속학 Vol.22 No.-
Gonu game that has been enjoyed by Koreans and Mongolians can be played variously. The game can be changed by magnifying a playing board or from simple to complex shape. Since the game is transformed more easily than any other game, it is relatively flexible. Stones or animal bones are used for Gonu pieces. If there is not a wooden board, one can play the game by drawing on the bare ground. This shows the simplicity of the game, which makes it popular among the ordinary people. There are three kinds of methods for playing Gonu : besieging by putting pieces one by one in order, killing pieces by moving them on the board from the beginning, removing pieces when meeting the opponent’s. By mixing the above methods, it can be played variously. The most essential part of this game is player’s intellectual judgment and coping ability. Because people can develop their intellectual ability by playing this game, it was loved by both Koreans and Mongolians. Considering the face that the playing board of Ruchi, a kind of Gonu, was found in the inner Mongolia and the excavation site of Manangung, the history of Gonu is longer than thought. In Korea, a board in which Chamkkoni was drawn was found in a celadon porcelain kiln in Hwanghae-do Bongcheon-gun Wonsan-ri, which means that the history of Gonu can be traced back to the early 10th century. However, it is evident that both countries have deep origin of Gonu. I draw a conclusion summarizing discussions on it so far. Firstly, the origin of the word Gonu may be derived from Gu and Rok. Also, according to a book titled 『Mulbobakhui』, Umulgono was possibly related with Gonu. This is a linguistic task that should be explored with sufficient supporting materials. Secondly, after comparing several types of Gonu of Korea and Mongolia, I found that its board and playing method are almost identical. Some other games enjoyed by certain ethnic groups in China are also very similar to Gonu. The process of its diffusion has to be analyzed in the future. Thirdly, in addition, it is revealed that the genre painting of Gonu by Kim Hong-Do is not actually the picture of Gonu, but thar of Korean four-stick game. Originally, the painting had not a title but Murayama Jijun named it in his book 『Local Entertainment of Korea』, Since then, many research paper and books used the name without critique. So it should be corrected properly. Moreover, four-wheel Gonu, Seonjeongi of China, Paeraengi Gonu (or Sipja Gonu), and Sipjagi are interrelated and in-depth comparative research on Gonu including the above items which aims at competing with intelligence should be done in the future.
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田耕旭(JEON Kyung-wook),張長植(토론자) 고구려발해학회 2004 고구려발해연구 Vol.17 No.-
Chinese writing, a written language communally employed in Eastern Asia, was introduced to Korea during the Three Kingdoms Period(1 B.C-A.D. 7) and Buddhism was spread to Korea from the Qin Dynasty in the second year (A.D. 372) of King Sosurim's reign. Also, 'sanak' and 'baekhui', an aggregate of several plays commonly conducted in Eastern Asia, were introduced to Korea at this times. This is proved by Chinese books, 'Huhanseo' and Dongiyeoljeon' saying "Muje, Chinese king destroyed Korea, regarded Koguryo as a region of China, and granted musicians and performers and by the Goguryeo mural paintings that depicted the playing scenes. Many plays corresponding to 'sanak' and 'baekhui', an aggregate of several plays were painted in the Koguryo mural paintings. The tombs are presumed to be constructed from the mid 3th through 5th centuries. Therefore, it can understood that 'sanak' and 'baekhui' were already prevalent in the Koguryo Kingdom from before Koguryo music appeared in Chinese records that it was played one of Chinese court music in the early Emperor Gae's reign in the Sui Dynasty(581-617). Koguryo adopted the arabian music via Northern Zhou, but the plays originated from the Arabian countries were already painted on the mural paintings before that. 'Sanak' and 'baekhui' were an ordinary play conducted as a synthetic arts not to itemize it into several parts such as dance, music, drama, athletics, and martial arts. They were largely classified into several items: (1) acrobatics and stunt, (2) magic, (3) a mask play playing the role of animals, (4) imitating the action of animals, (5) marionette, (6) gag, (7) a play accompanied with music and dance, (8) musical instrument performance. The reason that 'sanak' and 'baekhui' originated in foreign countries were early introduced to Koguryo is that Koguryo had an active trade with foreign countries. There is a possibility that the Arabian people were played with the Koguryo people in that one of wrestlers painted on the mural painting of the 'gakjeochong' tomb was a foreigner coming from the Arabian country and a dancer looking like a foreigner wad shown in the 'dongsu' tomb, 'anak' tomb no. 3.
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