가구 및 주거의 변화와 새로운 주택공급 방안의 모색

장세훈(CHANG Se-Hoon) 지역사회학회 2007 지역사회학 Vol.9 No.1

최근의 대규모 주택공급으로 주택 부족 문제는 많이 해소되었지만, 주택문제는 형태만 달리한 채 여전히 지속되고 있다. 이러한 점에 주목해서 이 글은 새로운 주택 문제의 현황을 살피고 그 대처 방안을 모색하고자 한다. 이를 위해 인구 및 주택 총조사 자료를 바탕으로 최근 사반세기 동안의 가구 구성 및 주거 실태의 변화와 주택 공급 추이를 살펴보고자 한다. 분석 결과 지난 25년간 가구 구성 및 주거 실태가 크게 바뀌었다. 우선 가구 수가 크게 늘었을 뿐 아니라 1인 가구, 한 부모 가구 등이 새로운 가구 유형으로 자리 잡았다. 또 주거 양식에서도 아파트 비중이 크게 늘어나고, 주거빈곤 가구가 격감하고 있다 주택 공급 차원에서도 주택 건설이 활발하게 이루어져 주택보급률이 100%를 넘어서고 신규 주택의 규모가 갈수록 커지는 등, 많은 변화가 일어났다. 이처럼 가구 규모가 줄고 세대 구성이 단출해지는데, 공급 주택의 규모는 증가 일로에 있어, 주택 과소비 및 미분양이 문제되고 있다. 또 다양한 가구 구성을 감안하지 않은 채 ‘표준 주택’이 획일적으로 공급되어, 주택 수급의 불일치 문제가 제기되고 있다. 더 나아가 취약 가구의 주거 불안 문제는 완화될 조짐을 보이지 않고 있다. 가구-주택간 부조응에서 비롯된 이 같은 주택 문제를 해소하기 위해서는 물량 위주의 주택공급 방안에서 벗어나, 주택 수요자의 사회적, 인구학적 변화에 관심을 갖고 주택 공급 방식을 다변화하면서 취약 가구의 주거 빈곤을 완화시키려는 노력이 뒤따라야 할 것이다. Massive housing construction since 1990s smoothed out housing shortage problems, but housing problems in general continue only to change their appearances. Focusing on this fact, this paper aims to examine the new housing problems and explore the policy responses. For this study, I will discuss the trends of household composition, housing conditions and housing provisions, based on the population and housing census data in 1990-2005. According to this study, household composition and housing conditions greatly changed for 25 years. The number of households was remarkably increasing and new household types like one-person households, single parents households became established. The proportion of apartment was beyond half of total housings and housing-poor households were decreasing swiftly. And the massive housing construction resulted in ‘ the age of housing supply rate 100%’ and the size of new housings was continuously expanding. Therefore the decreasing household size and the simplified household composition collide with the increasing housing size. It becomes the cause of housing over-consumption and accumulation of unsold apartments. And the standardized housing construction paying no regard to the various household compositions leads to the disparity between housing demand and supply. In addition to this, the socially weak households are still experiencing housing insecurities. In order to solve these housing problems resulting from household-housing inconsistencies, we should escape from housing supply-side strategy and pay more attention to its demand-side, especially consumers' social and demographic change. And we should make an effort to diversify housing types and alleviate the housing-poverty conditions of the socially weak house holds.

유전자 알고리즘 PSGA를 이용한 복합재료 헬리콥터 블레이드 최적 구조설계

장세훈,정성남,Chang, Se Hoon,Jung, Sung Nam 한국복합재료학회 2022 Composites research Vol.35 No.5

In this study, an optimal structural design of composite helicopter blades is performed using the genetic algorithm-based optimizer PSGA (Particle Swarm assisted Genetic Algorithm). The blade sections consist of the skin, spar, form, and balancing weight. The sectional geometries are generated using the B-spline curves while an opensource code Gmsh is used to discretize each material domain which is then analyzed by a finite element sectional analysis program Ksec2d. The HART II blade formed based on either C- or D-spar configuration is exploited to verify the cross-sectional design framework. A numerical simulation shows that each spar model reduces the blade mass by 7.39% and 6.65%, respectively, as compared with the baseline HART II blade case, while the shear center locations being remain close (within 5% chord) to the quarter chord line for both cases. The effectiveness of the present optimal structural design framework is demonstrated, which can readily be applied for the structural design of composite helicopter blades.

Ni기 삽입금속에 의해 진공 브레이징된 STS303-Cu의 특성평가

장세훈,홍지민,최세원,강창석,김호성,오익현,Chang, Se-Hun,Hong, Ji-Min,Choi, Se-Weon,Kang, Chang-Seog,Kim, Ho-Sung,Oh, Ik-Hyun 한국재료학회 2007 한국재료학회지 Vol.17 No.6

Microstructure and tensile strength of the vacuum brazed stainless steel(STS303) and Cu were investigated. For brazing, the BNi-2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 (A.W.S standard) were used as filler metals. The Oxides such as $Cr_2O_3$ and $SiO_2$ were observed at brazed layers between STS303 and Cu matrix. Also, the intermetallic compounds of Cr-B and Ni-P were observed at brazed layers. Brazed STS303-Cu specimens with BNi-2, 3, 4 filler metals showed almost elastic deformation followed by plastic yielding and strain hardening up to a peak stress. On the other hand, it is likely that the fracture of the brazed specimens with BNi-6 and 7 was occurred in elastic range without plastic yielding up to a peak stress. Among these filler metals, the BNi-2 brazed at $1050^{\circ}C$ showed excellent wettability and the highest tensile strength (101.6MPa).

방전플라즈마 소결법을 이용한 Fe-Cr계 금속 연결재의 특성 평가

장세훈,홍지민,최세원,김휘준,안중호,오익현,Chang, Se-Hun,Hong, Ji-Min,Choi, Se-Weon,Kim, Hwi-Jun,Ahn, Jung-Ho,Oh, Ik-Hyun 한국재료학회 2007 한국재료학회지 Vol.17 No.8

Fe based SOFC(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) interconnector was fabricated by using the spark plasma sintering process and its microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated in this study. To fabricate the interconnector, the Fe-26Cr powder was mixed with the Ag (5, 10, 20wt.%) particles. In the Fe-26Cr-Ag sintered bodies, the Ag particles were almost dispersed at the grain boundary of the Fe-26Cr. The sintered bodies have the density of 87.2-97.5%, the density increases with increasing Ag content at sintering temperature of $850^{\circ}C$. Also, the compressive yield strength increases with increasing Ag content at the same sintering temperature.

Ni기 삽입금속에 의해 진공 브레이징된 stainless steel의 특성평가

장세훈,홍지민,정창열,최세원,오익현,Chang, Se-Hun,Hong, Ji-Min,Jeong, Chang-Yeol,Choi, Se-Weon,Oh, Ik-Hyun 한국재료학회 2007 한국재료학회지 Vol.17 No.6

Microstructure and tensile strength of the vacuum brazed stainless steel were investigated in this study. For vacuum brazing of the stainless steel 303 and 304, the BNi-2, 3, 4 and 7 were used as filler metals. Among these filler metals, the BNi-2 showed excellent wettability at $1050^{\circ}C$. Indeed, the brazed stainless steel using the BNi-2 showed the highest tensile strength (483 MPa) among all brazed specimens. This is attributed to degree of interfacial reaction between the filler metal and stainless steel. Brazed stainless steel with BNi-2, 3 filler metals showed almost elastic deformation followed by plastic yielding and strain hardening up to a peak stress. On the other hand, it is likely that the fracture of the brazed specimens with BNi-4, 7 was occurred in elastic range without plastic yielding up to a peak stress.

스퍼터링 타겟재의 응용을 목적으로 하는 탄탈륨 소결체의 제작 및 평가

장세훈,최정철,최세원,오익현,Chang, Se-Hun,Choi, Jung-Chul,Choi, Se-Weon,Oh, Ik-Hyun 한국재료학회 2008 한국재료학회지 Vol.18 No.4

In this study, tantalum (Ta) compacts were fabricated in a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process and their microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. Ta compacts with a density of 99% were successfully fabricated by controlling the sintering conditions of the current and the temperature. The density and hardness were increased as the sintering temperature increased. The $Ta_2C$ compound was observed at the surface of the compacts due to the contact between the Ta powder and graphite mold during the sintering process. The main fracture mode showed a mixed type with intergranular and transgranular modes having some roughness.

방전플라즈마 소결공법에 의해 제작된 SOFC용 Ni-YSZ Anode의 특성평가

장세훈,최정철,최세원,김호성,오익현,Chang, Se-Hun,Choi, Jung-Chul,Choi, Se-Weon,Kim, Ho-Sung,Oh, Ik-Hyun 한국분말야금학회 2008 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.15 No.5

SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) Ni-YSZ anode was fabricated by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) process and its microstructure and electrical properties were investigated in this study. The spark plasma sintering process was carried out at $800{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ for holding time of 5 min under 40 MPa. To fabricate Ni-YSZ anode, the SPS processed specimens were reduced at $800^{\circ}C$ under $H_2$ atmosphere. The reduced specimens showed relative density of $48.4{\sim}64.8%$ according to sintering temperature. And also, the electrical conductivity of reduced specimens after sintering at 900 and $1000^{\circ}C$ showed $480{\sim}600$ (S/cm) values at the measuring range of $600{\sim}900^{\circ}C$.

방전플라즈마 소결법으로 제작한 β-FeSi₂ 소결체의 고온 내산화성

장세훈,홍지민,오익현,Chang, Se-Hun,Hong, Ji-Min,Oh, Ik-Hyun 한국재료학회 2007 한국재료학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Oxidation resistance of sintered ${\beta}-FeSi_{2}$ was investigated at intermediate temperature range in air atmosphere. Fully dense and porous bodies of ${\beta}-FeSi_{2}$ samples were fabricated by using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). They were annealed at $900^{\circ}C$ for 5days to obtain ${\beta}-FeSi_{2}$ phase. The bulk samples were oxidized at $800,\;900\;and\;950^{\circ}C$ in air atmosphere. The high temperature oxidation tests reveal that amorphous $SiO_{2}$ layer, similar to Si was formed and grew parabolically on ${\beta}-FeSi_{2}$. Accelerated oxidation is not observed as well as cracks and grain boundary oxidation. Granular ${\varepsilon}-FeSi$ was developed below the oxide layer as a result of oxidation of ${\beta}-FeSi_{2}$. Oxidation resistance of sintered ${\beta}-FeSi_{2}$ was excellent for high-temperature thermoelectric application.

한국전쟁과 부산의 도시화

장세훈 ( Chang Se Hoon ) 한국사회사학회 2023 사회와 역사 Vol.- No.138

이 연구는 도시 형성의 역사적 맥락에서 한국전쟁이 부산의 도시화에 미친 영향을 판별해 보려는 시도이다. 이를 살펴보기 위해 부산의 도시화 과정을 식민지시기, 해방 국면, 한국전쟁 시기, 전후 시기로 구분해서, 각 시기별로 도시의 대외적 위상, 도시의 물리적 구성, 도시성의 측면에서 어떠한 변화가 일어났는가를 살펴보는 사회역사적 접근 방식을 취한다. 분석 결과, 식민지 상황과 해방, 그리고 전쟁과 같은 급격한 사회 변동 과정에서 부산의 모든 측면이 심대한 영향을 받았지만, 부산의 도시화 흐름은 근본적인 질적 전환 없이 식민지 도시화에서 종속적 도시화로 이행했다. 해방 국면에서 부산의도시화가 일시적인 우회를 겪었지만, 한국전쟁이 부산을 그 이전의 도시화 경로로 복귀시킴으로써, 중·장기적 관점에서 부산의 도시화 노선은 큰 변화 없이 지속되어 왔다고 할 수 있다. This study attempts to discern the impacts of the Korean War on the urbanization of Busan from the historical context of urban formation. For this analysis, I take a socio-historical approach and classify the urbanization process of Busan into four periods: the colonial period, the Liberation period, the Korean War period, and the after-War period. I examine how the urbanization changed in each period in terms of Busan’s external location, its physical compositions and its culture and identity. This study finds that although dramatic social changes such as colonialization, liberation and war had profound impacts on its all aspects, Busan experienced a gradual transition from colonial urbanization to dependent urbanization without a qualitatively radical transformation. In fact, although Busan’s urbanization took a detour during the Liberation period, the Korean War returned urbanization to its previous path. Therefore, from a long-term point of view, we can say that Busan’s urbanization was sustained and little affected by the Korean War.

북한 대도시의 도시화 과정

장세훈 ( Se Hoon Chang ) 한국사회사학회 2004 사회와 역사 Vol.0 No.65

The purpose of this paper is to review urbanization processes of the local metropolises in North Korea, Chungjin, Sineuiju and Hyesan, focusing on the historical changes of their spatial structure. The Korean War was the important moment for the socialist urbanization in North Korean metropolises. It destroyed the urban vestiges of Japanese Imperialism and led to reconstruct the destroyed urban landscapes in line with socialist urbanization. But the intense confrontation between South and North Korea after war prevented the latter``s metropolises from urbanizing on the basis of socialist principles. Especially ``Juche ideologie`` after 1970s derailed their socialist urbanization more and more. As their population increased and they needed to provide more urban infrastructures in 1980s, they began to develop the new towns like South-Chungjin, South-Sineuiju on their suburbs. But the new towns deepened their urban problems, because they didn``t keep the principle of socialist urbanization. According to this argument, local metropolises in North Korea have lost the socialist characteristics in the urbanization process gradually unlike Pyeongyang, the capital city of North Korea, designed as ``the socialist city for display``. Therefore they were developed in slower tempo and under-developed in comparison with Pyeongyang.