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李柱天 圓光大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.24 No.1
This study is intended to examine the emergence of American imperialism and the Philipino's resistence for their indepndence. I try to focus upon the American-filipino War(1898-1902), which many American historians largely have ignored for several decades. The Philippines had been for more three centuries suffered from the Spanish colonial rule, but they revolted again in the late nineteenth century. Spain brutally crushed the rebellion. When the Spanish brutal crackdown made the independent movement desperate, new charismatic leader, Emilio Aguinaldo reorganized the Filipinos and revolted again. Meanwhile, the relationship between the United States and Spain increasingly deteriorated, because many Americans felt that the revolts in Cuba would threathen the American lives and their properiety in Cuba. President McKinly decided to intervene the conflicts in Cuba to secure the American national interests and to save the American lives and their porperiety in Cuba. The Spanish-American War of 1898 was fought to free Cuba, but the first action took place on the other side of the golbe, in the Philippine Islands. On May 1, American Com modore George Dewey opened fire on the Spanish fleets. With the support of American military and naval forces in Manila, aguinaldo and American forces captured Manila. Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines. However, at this time, Aamerican armed forces in Manila increased and many Filippinos began to suspect America's real intention. Now expansionists were earger to annex the entire archipelago. Even before the Spanish-American War, some Americans argued that the United States should adapt the 'imperialistic' policy. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan developed a starting theory about the importance of sea power. History proved, according to Mahan, that a nation with a powerful navy and the overseas bases necessary to maintain it would be inevitable in war and prosperous in time of peace. Applied to the current American situation, this meant that in addtion to building a modern fleet, the United Satates should obtain a string of coaling stations and bases in the Carribbean, annex the Hawaiian Islands, and cut a canal across Central America. Other Americans supported Mahan's theory, and urged McKinly adminstration to adapt the 'imperialistic' policy. However, and important minority objected strongly to the United States' acquiring overseas possesions. Persons as varied in interest and philosophy as the businessman Andrew Carnegie and the labor leader Samuel Gompers, and the pragmatist William Janes as the Republican Senator George Frisbie Hoar, together with writer like Mark Twain, and educator like president Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University united in opposing the annexation of the Philippines. These anti-imperialists insisted that since no one would even consider the possibility of future statehood for the Philippines. Senator argued that it would be unconstitutional to annex them. It was a violation of the consent of its inhabitants. President McKinly decided to take the Philippines as an American colony, partly because of the expansionists' pressures, with which be should deal wisely, and partly because of the international influence, which American peoples saw the japanese and European imperialism very jealous and impatiently. President McKinly realized that there was no alternative except the annexation. Public opinion would not sanction restoring Spanish authority in Philippines or allowing some other power to have them. To salvte the feelings of the Spanish, the United States agtreed to pay $20 milion for the archipelago, but it was a forced sale, accepted by Spain with resignation and under duress. The peace treaty faced a hard battle in the United States Senate, where a combination of partisan politics and anticolonialism made it difficult to amass the two-thirds majority necessary for ratification. The ratification of the treaty by a vote of 57 to 27 in February 1899 brought about the angry rebellion led by Aguinaldo. In open defiance of Washington, Aguinaldo and other prominent Filipinos organized a government at Malolos, wrote a constitution, and proclaimed the Fillpine Republic in late January, 1899. Now the American-Filippino War(1898-1902) started. A savage Guerrilla war resulted, one that cost far more in lives and money the the Spanish-American conflict. Before the insurrection collapsed in 1902, over 5,000 Americans and 200,000 Filipinos died. One hundred and twenty-five thousand American troops had to ve used to quell the insurection, which cost the United States at least $160 million. Indeed, it was one of the ugliest wars in American history and bothe sides committed atrocities. Americans burned barrios to the ground, placing villages in reconcentration camps like those so detested in Cuab. To placing villages in reconcentration camps like those so detested in Cuba. To get information, Americans conducted the "water cure" by forcing prisoners to swallow gallons of water and then stepping on or punching the swollen stomach to empty it quickly. The reelecition of McKinly in 1900 settled the Philippine question. McKinly sent a second commission, headed by William Howard Taft, an Ohio judge, to establish vivil government in the islands. Taft won from them a large measure of confidence;his policy of encouraging them to participater in the territorial government attracted many converts. In July 1901 he became the first civilian governor of the Philippines. Meanwhile Aginaldo was captured in 1901, and the war was over in 1902.