식이 지방산 종류가 운동 시 조직 내 Pro-및 Macro-Glycogen의 동원 및 재합성에 미치는 영향

이종삼(Lee Jongsam),김재철(Kim Jaechul),권영우(Kwon Youngwoo),이장규(Lee Jangkyu),이정필(Lee Jeongpil),윤정수(Yoon Chungsoo) 韓國營養學會 2007 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.40 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate that the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on pro- and macro-glycogen utilization and resynthesis. The analyses were further extended for different muscle fibers (type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ, & type Ⅱb) as well as tissues (i.e., liver & heart). Total one hundred sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and rats were randomly allocated into four experimental groups: animals fed standard chow diet (n = 40), animals fed saturated fatty acid diet (n = 40), animals fed monounsaturated fatty acid (n = 40), and animals fed polyunsaturated fatty acid (n = 40). Animals in each groups were further divided into five subgroups: sacrificed at REST (n = 8), sacrificed at immediately after 3 hr swim exercise (P-0HR, n = 8), sacrificed at one hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-1HR, n = 8), sacrificed at four hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-4HR, n = 8), and sacrificed at twenty-four hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-24HR, n = 8). Soleus (type Ⅰ), red gastrocnemius (type Ⅱa), white gastrocnemius (type Ⅱb), liver, and heart were dissected out at appropriated time point from all animals, and were used for analyses of pro- & macro-glycogen concentrations. After 8 weeks of dietary interventions, there was no significant difference in body mass in any of dietary conditions (p>.05). After 3 hr swim exercise, blood lactate level was higher compared to resting conditions in all groups, but it was returned to resting value after 1 hr rest (p<.05). Free fatty acid concentration was higher in all high fat fed groups (regardless of fatty acid composition) than CHOW consumed group. At rest, pro- & macro-glycogen concentration was not different from any of experimental groups (p>.05). Regardless of forms of glycogen, the highest level was observed in liver (p<.01), and most cases of supercompensation after 3hr exercise observed in this study were occurred in CHOW fed tissues. Except heart muscle, all tissues used in this study showed that pro- and macro-glycogen concentration was significantly decreased after 3 hr exercise. Based on these results, two conclusions were made: first, there is no different level of glycogen content in various tissues regardless of types of fatty acids consumed and second, the highest mobilization rate would be demonstrated from CHOW fed animals compare to animals that consumed any kinds of fatty acid diet if prolonged exercise is applied. (Korean J Nutr 2007; 40(3): 211~220)

장기간의 고지방 식이 섭취가 골격근 내 PPAR Isoforms 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향

이장규(Lee Jangkyu),김정규(Kim Jungkyu),문희원(Moon Heewon),신영오(Shin Youngoh),이종삼(Lee Jongsam) 韓國營養學會 2007 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.40 No.3

We determined the effects of dietary manipulations on messenger RNA of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor isoforms (i.e., PPAR α, (β/δ, r) in red vastus lateralis muscle of rats. Total 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and animals were divided into one of two dietary conditions: either chow diet group (CHOW; n = 8) in which animals were fed with standard rodent chow (61.8% carbohydrate, 15.7% fat, 22.5% protein) or high fat diet group (FAT n = 8) in which animals were fed 24.3% carbohydrate, 52.8% fat, 22.9% protein. At the end of the 8 weeks of experimental period, red vastus lateralis muscle was dissected out from all animals, and PPAR α, β/δ, r mRNA expression was determined. There was no significant difference in body mass (BM) between CHOW and FAT. As expected, blood glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was higher in FAT than CHOW (p<0.05), and lactate concentration was significantly lower in FAT compared to CHOW (p<0.05). Insulin concentration tended to higher in FAT than CHOW (67.2 ± 21.9 vs. 27.0 ± 5.2 p㏖/L), but it did not reach to the statistical significance. Gene expression of PPAR a was not significantly different between CHOW and FAT. It was not also significantly different in PPAR β/δ. Interestingly, expression of mRNA in PPAR r however, was markedly depressed in FAT compared to CHOW (approximately 3 fold higher in CHOW; p<0.05). Results obtained from present study implies that PPAR r (as compensatory function of PPAR α is expressed) possibly exerts another major tuning roles in fatty acid transport, utilization, as well as biosynthesis in skeletal muscle cells. The situations and conditions that can be postulated for this implication need to be further examined. (Korean J Nutr 2007; 40(3): 221~228)

반복적 검도 토너먼트 경기 수행이 엘리트 검도 선수의 혈중 가스, 이온, 및 피로 부산물 농도에 미치는 영향

하재운 ( Jaewoon Ha ),허성훈 ( Sunghoon Hur ),안경준 ( Kyungjun An ),이종삼 ( Jongsam Lee ),권영우 ( Youngwoo Kwon ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2016 체육과학연구 Vol.27 No.4

이 연구는 엘리트(elite) 학생 검도선수들의 가상 검도 개인전 토너먼트 경기 수행 시 나타나는 혈중 구성성분과 피로물질의 변화 양상을 조사해 엘리트 검도선수들의 경기력 향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구를 위해 경상북도 소재의 D대학 학생 검도 선수 중 개인전 입상 경험이 있는 8명(최대산소섭취량, 51.5±8.8 mL·kg^-1min^-1; 체지방율, 12.4±8.8 %)의 선수를 선발하였으며 실제 경기 상황을 가정해 전국 규모의 시합에서와 같이 64강부터 결승까지 총 6번의 경기를 치르도록 실험 설계를 하여 혈액 내 가스, 이온, 에너지 기질, 및 피로 부산 물질들에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 이원변량분석(TWOWAY ANOVA)을 통해 두 요인 간(, 토너먼트 라운드 x 경기 전과 후) 상호작용과 주효과를 검증하였으며 통계적 유의 수준은 α=.05로 설정하였다. 혈중 수소 이온 농도와 산소 분압은 유의한 영향을 받지 않은 반면, 이산화탄소 분압은 시합이 반복됨에 따라 뚜렷한 감소 경향을 나타냈다. 헤마토크리트와 헤모글로빈은 토너먼트 초반부에서만 유의한 증가를 나타냈다. 혈중 Na⁺ 농도는 토너먼트가 진행될수록 증가하는 결과를 나타낸 반면, K⁺ 농도는 감소하는 양상을 나타냈으며 Ca²⁺의 농도는 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 혈중 포도당은 변화의 양상이 일정하게 나타나지 않았으나 경기 전과 비교해 경기 종료 후 증가하는 경향이 두드러졌으며 젖산과 암모니아, 요산의 농도는 경기 후 그리고 토너먼트의 진행에 따라 축적되는 결과를 나타냈다. 이와 함께, 유리지방산은 토너먼트의 진행에 따라 농도의 상승을 나타냈으며 심박수의 변화는 토너먼트가 진행됨에 따라 유의한 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과는 반복적으로 토너먼트 경기에의 참여가 혈중 피로 부산 물질의 축적을 유발하고 다양한 이온 성분과 에너지 기질에 유의한 변화를 야기함을 확인하는 것이었다. 따라서 제한된 시간 내에 반복적으로 경기를 치루는 검도 토너먼트 경기에의 참가 시 피로 관리 및 에너지 기질의 적절한 공급을 이루어낼 수 있는 대책 마련이 요구된다 하겠다. This study aimed to examine the change of the indices in blood gas, ions, and by-products of fatigue substances and components in collegiate elite Kumdo competitors, who carry out a number of competitive games during one day tournament event. Subjects were carried out total 6 simulated, but followed same conditions and rules of actual competition, with providing similar inter-game break time. Eight well trained male competitors, who had awarded from national wide competitions, voluntarily participated in this study and revealed 51.5(±8.8) mL·kg^-1min^-1of maximal oxygen consumption and 12.4(±5.1) % body fat. TWOWAY ANOVA (tournament round vs. pre & post each game) was adopted to test whether the mean differences were existed, and the interaction between individual factors and main effect within each factors were analyzed. Statistical significance was set at Alpha (α) = .05. While there were no significant changes in blood hydrogen ion concentration (i.e., pH) and partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂) significantly decreased as the tournament games were repeated. The level of hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly elevated only during the 1^st round of tournament. Na⁺ was significantly increased but K⁺ was decreased. Ca²+ concentration however, was not significantly altered. Although the changes of blood glucose level did not show any consistent patterns, free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was increased after completed each game compared to prior to initiate the each game. Blood NH₃, lactic acid, and uric acid concentration increased at immediately after each game, and the pattern was maintained throughout the tournament round continued. These results reflected that the repeated participation of the tournament may cause the accumulation of the by-products of fatigue substances in blood and alteration of various ion components and energy substrates. Accordingly, the ways of reducing the physical fatigue and providing adequate energy source inter-tournament games needs to be necessarily considered for successful Kumdo competition. Data obtained from this study could valuable for searching the effective training and management methods to improve the performance and reduce the fatigue of the professional elite Kumdo competitors.

동일 골격근량 적용 시 체지방량의 차이가 남성의 최대 근력에 미치는 효과

김성훈 ( Sunghoon Kim ),최종욱 ( Jonguk Choi ),허성훈 ( Sunghoon Hur ),이종삼 ( Jongsam Lee ) 대한스포츠의학회 2016 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.34 No.2

We investigated that the relationship between body fat content and maximal muscle strength when skeletal muscle mass was matched. Muscle mass was measured from 140 preliminary selected people, and 30 males were finally selected and divided into one of four experimental groups: low body fat (group 1, ≤11.9%), low-moderate fat (group 2, 12.0%-16.9%), moderate-high fat (group 3, 17.0%-22.9%), high fat (group 4, ≥23.0%). All subjects undertook one repetition maximum (1RM) test of abdominal and back upper body`s and lower body`s, and bench press, squat, and back strength dynamometer was used. Repeated oneway analysis of variance and Tukey`s post-hoc test was adopted to specify mean differences among groups. Statistical significance level was set at α=0.05. 1RM of bench press was not different among groups (p>0.05) even though values from group 2 was marginally higher (15.9%) than group 1 values (p=0.091). 1RM of squat was higher in group 4 compared to group 2 and group 3 (p<0.05), and maximal back muscular strength was higher in group 1 and group 3 than group 2 (p<0.05). However, total 1RM values, sum of 1RM obtained from different exercises, did not reveal any statistical differences. No notable correlation was found between percent body fat (%BF) and maximal muscular strength. Interestingly, negative correlation of muscular strength was observed between %BF and relative (per kilogram) body mass (p<0.001), but not with between %BF and relative skeletal muscle mass. Therefore, it was concluded that maximal muscular strength is influenced not by fat mass but by skeletal muscle mass.

캐딜락 기구를 이용한 필라테스 전후방 팔 뻗기 동작이 체간 근 활성도에 미치는 효과

김진령 ( Jinryeong Kim ),허성훈 ( Sunghoon Hur ),안경준 ( Kyungjun An ),김송준 ( Songjune Kim ),이종삼 ( Jongsam Lee ) 대한스포츠의학회 2018 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.36 No.4

Purpose: This study analyzed the muscle activity changes induced by motions of reaching forward and chest expansion that were examined from the bilateral muscles with rectus abdominis, external oblique, multifidus, and longissimus thoracic using Pilates cadillac instrument. Methods: Nine young adult women, who have no musculoskeletal disorder and any of chronic diseases, were participated. Surface electromyography system was used for recording of all signals produced by muscles, and then normalized as percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). The paired t-test and repeated measures of analysis of variance was performed. Results: Reaching-forward motion showed a higher muscle activity from non-dominant external oblique muscle than that of the chest-expansion motion. During both reaching-forward motion and chest-expansion motion, MVIC values collected from dominant side of external oblique muscle were shown a significantly lower than the values obtained from non-dominant side (p<0.05). Conversely, %MVIC values in external oblique muscle collected from dominant side showed a significantly higher than the values obtained from non-dominant side of the same oblique muscle (p<0.05). Reaching-forward motion was caused a higher %MVIC on non-dominant external oblique muscle than that of the chest-expansion motion (p<0.05). Regardless of dominant or non-dominant sides, external oblique muscle was shown the highest activation rate of all the other muscles during reaching forward action, and longissimus thoracic muscle was shown the highest activation rate of all the other muscles during chest expansion action. Conclusion: Reaching-forward motion is suitable for activating an external oblique muscle, and chest-expansion motion is an effective enough in activating of longissimus thoracic muscle.

축구 하프타임 휴식 중 저온 침수 처치가 혈중 생리 지표 및 염증-면역 반응에 미치는 영향

박순태 ( Suntae Park ),허성훈 ( Sunghoon Hur ),안경준 ( Kyungjun An ),권영우 ( Youngwoo Kwon ),박경훈 ( Kyunghoon Park ),김준호 ( Junho Kim ),이종삼 ( Jongsam Lee ) 대한스포츠의학회 2021 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.39 No.4

Purpose: We investigated the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) treatment during half-time break on performance related physiological indices during second half soccer match. Methods: Twenty-two collegiate soccer players participated in the study. Subjects undertook 3 minutes head out seated with whole body immersion at 19℃ to 21℃. Total four venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for markers of ionic regulations and inflammatory (interleukin [IL]-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor) and immune functions (immunoglobulin [Ig] G, IgG2, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgM). Results: Partial oxygen concentration and %SO₂ level was lowered in CWI. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were not significantly different between experimental groups. While there was no notable effect was shown in Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ , K⁺ concentration was higher in CWI during second half match. There were no effects in any of inflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines and Ig. Conclusion: These results suggest that CWI during half time break exert positively affects in buffering capacity and promote oxygen delivery to the actively recruited skeletal muscle, possibly results in improve soccer performance during second half match.