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척추 전방전위증의 전산화 단층촬영 소견 : 협부형과 퇴행형의 비교
이종덕,변재영,Lee, Jong-Deok,Byun, Jae-Young 대한침구의학회 2000 대한침구의학회지 Vol.17 No.4
Objectives : To evaluate the findings useful for differential diagnosis and associated abnormaiities of isthmic spondylolisthesis and degenerative spondylolisthesis on CT. Materials and methods : We reviewed retrospectively the CT images of 65 patients who were diagnosed spondylolisthesis during 3 years period. Our technique was 5mm slices at 5mm intervals with gantry angle to parallel the interspaces. Also reformatted sagittal views were taken. 41 patients were isthmic spondylolisthesis and 24 patients were degenerative spondylolisthesis. Resuits : Isthmic spondylolisthesis. 1. Isthmic type was more common at L5-S1. 2. The degree of anterior displacement was grade I and II. 3. The plane of defect was more horizontal than the usual facet joint. 4. The defect had an irregular shape. 5. Medial aspect of bone just anterior to defect had a small round prominence. 6. Anteroposterior elongation of the spinal canal was common. 7. Pseudobulging disk was common. 8. The most common associated abnormality was a HNP at the upper level of the defect. Degenerative spondylolisthesis. 1. Degenerative type was more common at L4-5. 2. The degree of anterior disptacement was grade I and II. 3. The Plane of facet joint was oriented obliquely instead of horizontally. 4. The posterior facet(inferior facet of superior vertebra) was anteriorly displaced. 5. Bony spur of the posterior portion of anterior facet was seen. 6. The facet joints often contain gas(vaccum phenomenum). 7. The most common associated abnormality was a HNP at the level of the displacement. Conclusions : CT is a highly accurate and most sensitive technique for recognition, differential diagnosis of isthmic and degenerative types and the detection of associated abnormalities.
이종덕,정명인,유진철,Lee, Jongdeog,Jeong, Myoungin,Yoo, Jincheol 한국정보통신학회 2021 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.25 No.12
With the proliferation of smart phones and the development of IoT technology, it has become possible to collect personal data for public purposes. However, users are afraid of voluntarily providing their private data due to privacy issues. To remedy this problem, mainly three techniques have been studied: data disturbance, traditional encryption, and homomorphic encryption. In this work, we perform simulations to compare them in terms of accuracy, message length, and computation delay. Experiment results show that the data disturbance method is fast and inaccurate while the traditional encryption method is accurate and slow. Similar to traditional encryption algorithms, the homomorphic encryption algorithm is relatively effective in privacy preserving because it allows computing encrypted data without decryption, but it requires high computation costs as well. However, its main cost, arithmetic operations, can be processed in parallel. Also, data analysis using the homomorphic encryption needs to do decryption only once at any number of data. 스마트폰의 대중화와 IoT 기술의 발달로 데이터 수집이 쉬워지며 공익을 위해 이를 분석하는 것이 가능해졌지만, 개인정보 유출의 가능성으로 인해 다수의 사용자는 자발적으로 데이터를 제공하는 것에 우려를 표한다. 이러한 문제해결을 위해 개인정보를 보호하면서 데이터 수집을 가능하게 하는 프로토콜에 관하여 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 자료 교란, 전통 암호, 그리고 동형암호를 이용한 알고리즘들의 성능에 대해 분석하였으며 정확도, 메시지 길이, 그리고 계산 지연시간의 3가지 단위를 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 실험 결과를 통해 자료 교란 방식은 연산 속도가 빠르고 정확도는 낮으며, 반면에 전통 암호 알고리즘은 효율성이 떨어지지만 100%의 정확도를 보장한다는 점을 확인하였다. 동형 암호 알고리즘은 암호화된 데이터에 대해 복호화 없이 연산을 수행하는 방식이므로 상대적으로 개인정보보호에 효과적이지만, 높은 비용이 발생하였다. 그러나 동형 암호 알고리즘의 주요 비용인 사칙연산은 분산 처리하여 비용을 낮출 수 있으며, 통계수치 분석과 같은 연산은 데이터 개수와 상관없이 복호화가 단 한 번만 수행된다는 장점을 확인하였다.
이종덕(Lee, Jong-Duk) 한양법학회 2021 漢陽法學 Vol.32 No.2
The「Framework Act on Intelligence Information」, which took effect on December 10 last year, has the character of a basic law that has established a legal framework for preemptively responding to social changes caused by the advent of an intelligent information society. In relation to the realization of a digital inclusive society, the Act has not deviated from a passive attitude that focuses on resolving the information gap and the resulting side effects. It is better to enact the Digital Inclusion Act as an active legislative support for access to digital information, strengthening of digital capabilities, use of digital information, and further realization of a digital inclusive society. Content defects can be pointed out as well as the problems of the system and purpose of 「Framework Act on Intelligence Information」. In this Act, defects in content can be pointed out as well as problems in the legal system or purpose. Above all, to guarantee the right to access information, support measures for the Information Havenots are prepared, but they are still insufficient. Article 49 of the Act, which guarantees the right to access information for the economically underprivileged, focuses on simply financial support. However, education or assistance should be provided in parallel so that they can easily access the information. Next, the government and local governments need to stipulate not only comprehensive obligations to bridge the information gap, but more specifically. In particular, the fact that essential matters such as the content and scope of education to bridge the information gap are omitted, The uncertainty in financing and the discretion in deciding on education costs need to be improved. It is necessary to have legislative integrity for the realization of a digital inclusive society by further specifying the content, scope, and organization of education for the prevention and resolution of the digital divide, the creation and spread of sound digital culture, and the cultivation of digital capabilities.