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이은섭(Eun-sup Lee),이양기(Yang-kee Lee) 한국국제상학회 2007 國際商學 Vol.22 No.2
Even though the concept of periodic reviews of outstanding antidumping orders have been discussed under the GATT system since 1967, it was not until 1994, following the successful establishment the WTO Agreements, that the concept automatic and mandatory "sunset" reviews became fully integrated into the multilateral trading system and the national legislation of all member countries employing antidumping laws. These sunset reviews have also been reflected into the United States domestic law through the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreement Act in 1994 which established a mechanism for automatic and mandatory review or termination of existing United States antidumping orders. Reviewing the United States sunset reviews from the viewpoints of the Appellate Body"s decisions, there have been the lacks of full transparency and objective determination standards at Commerce Department"s practice and to a lesser extent at the ITC practices which have decreased the legal certainty and predictability for parties attempting to participate in the reviews. The United States" serious efforts to adopt and modify the domestic regulation on the sunset reviews would be required for the harmonious and balanced operation of the WTO mechanism in relation with the WTO remedy provisions.
통상법·제도 : WTO체제하의 환경과 자유무역간의 조화
이은섭 ( Eun Sup Lee ),오병석 ( Byung Seok Oh ),이양기 ( Yang Kee Lee ),김선옥 ( Sun Ok Kim ) 한국통상정보학회 2012 통상정보연구 Vol.14 No.1
1995년 WTO체제의 출범이후 환경론자들과 WTO 옹호론자들간의 환경과 자유무역의 촉진관계를 둘러싸고 논쟁이 증가해 왔다. WTO의 자유무역론자들은 환경보호를 빌미로 하는 위장된 무역제한수단을 강조해 온 반면 환경론자들은 WTO체제가 환경관련 협정문의 불충분 때문에 환경문제를 적절히 다룰 수 없다고 주장해오고 있다. 본 논문에서는 WTO 회원국들이 취한 환경보호조치가 환경보호를 빌미로 하여 국내산업계의 이해관계를 반영해 왔음을 발견하였다. 이를 근거로 본 논문에서는 향후 WTO체제내에서 환경과 무역간의 갈등문제를 해결하기 위하여는 WTO의 사법적 접근과 함께 환경보호조치와 관련하여 국내 및 국제적인 이해관계와 집단간의 이해관계를 아우를 수 있는 조화와 조정 노력이 필요할 것이란 점을 밝히고 있다. This paper finds out that the WTO`s member countries`` environmental measures have sometimes reflected the interests from their domestic industrial fields under the name of environmental protection. For the harmonious linkage between the trade and environments under the WTO mechanism, it is required for the concerned parties to reach the consensus for the measures to be imposed domestically and internationally, as well as the WTO`s judicial efforts to make more scientific approach. Such coordination and consensus among the concerned parties to the domestic and international environments would be the efficient way to solve the conflicts between the trade and the environments, together with the WTO`s more scientific approach in interpreting and applying the environmental provisions.
이은섭(Eun-sup Lee),이양기(Yang-kee Lee) 한국국제상학회 2004 國際商學 Vol.19 No.2
The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures(SPS Agreement), the most significant result of the global effort to reduce trade distortions, created a new framework of rules to ensure that the protection of health is done in a manner minimizing restrictions to trade: It contains rules, principles and benchmarks for WTO Members to ensure and to justify sanitary and phytosanitary measures not constituting disguised restrictions on international trade. The SPS Agreement relies heavily on scientific assessment and expert organizations' standards or guidelines to avoid and resolve trade disputes, which raises a number of unsettled problems including the science and policy issues. The Agreement should be implemented and evaluated with an eye toward the potential use of scientific method and expert bodies' standards in treating all measures designed to protect human health, safety, and the environment. This article examines the effectiveness of the Agreement, through the interpretation and examination of the agreement and it's implementation. The discussion on the interpretation and implementation is made through the review of the three major WTO dispute cases concerning SPS measures.
WTO체제하 무역과 환경의 조화를 위한 “동종상품”의 판단기준
이은섭(Eun-sup Lee),이양기(Yang-kee Lee) 한국국제상학회 2006 國際商學 Vol.21 No.1
One of the most controversial issues in interpreting the product under the GATT/WTO in linking trade with environmental policies is defining what is "like product". Even though the WTO Appellate Body"s decision, differently from the panels" decisions under the GATT, opened the door for environmental consideration to be taken into account in determining "like product", it is still unclear whether the Appellate Body takes into account the environmental concerns arising solely from the process and production methods of a product in determining the likeness of product. In order to balance the value of free-trade and environmental protection, the value of environmental protection which has arguably rather poorly been evaluated should be advanced by defining the term of "like products" more obviously; i.e. the definition of "like products" should be shifted from the way of emphasizing physical characteristics into the way of emphasizing functional characteristics.
이은섭(Eun-sup Lee),오병석(Byung-seok Oh),이양기(Yang-kee Lee),김선옥(Sun-ok Kim) 한국통상정보학회 2012 통상정보연구 Vol.14 No.1
1995년 WTO체제의 출범이후 환경론자들과 WTO 옹호론자들간의 환경과 자유무역의 촉진관계를 둘러싸고 논쟁이 증가해 왔다. WTO의 자유무역론자들은 환경보호를 빌미로 하는 위장된 무역제한수단을 강조해 온 반면 환경론자들은 WTO체제가 환경관련 협정문의 불충분 때문에 환경문제를 적절히 다룰 수 없다고 주장해오고 있다. 본 논문에서는 WTO 회원국들이 취한 환경보호조치가 환경보호를 빌미로 하여 국내산업계의 이해관계를 반영해 왔음을 발견하였다. 이를 근거로 본 논문에서는 향후 WTO체제내에서 환경과 무역간의 갈등문제를 해결하기 위하여는 WTO의 사법적 접근과 함께 환경보호조치와 관련하여 국내 및 국제적인 이해관계와 집단간의 이해관계를 아우를 수 있는 조화와 조정노력이 필요할 것이란 점을 밝히고 있다. This paper finds out that the WTO"s member countries" environmental measures have sometimes reflected the interests from their domestic industrial fields under the name of environmental protection. For the harmonious linkage between the trade and environments under the WTO mechanism, it is required for the concerned parties to reach the consensus for the measures to be imposed domestically and internationally, as well as the WTO"s judicial efforts to make more scientific approach. Such coordination and consensus among the concerned parties to the domestic and international environments would be the efficient way to solve the conflicts between the trade and the environments, together with the WTO"s more scientific approach in interpreting and applying the environmental provisions.
이은섭(Eun-Sup Lee),박은진(Eun-Jin Park) 한국국제상학회 2010 國際商學 Vol.25 No.2
There have been several disputes involving CATS obligations under the wro since the establishment of the WTO, out of which the U5-Gambling dispute is the first case that exclusively relates to the CATS provisions. Despite, in the U5-Gambling case, a number of issues have been addressed, still, interpretations regarding non-discriminatory treatment, likeness of product, in particular, relationship between market access and national treatment principle are remaining to be fleshed out. The wro judicial bodies are required expressly to address these debatable issues, providing its Members with stability and predictability in interpretation and application of the provisions concerned.