공간시계열모형에 대한 베이즈 추론

이성덕,김인규,김덕기,정애란,Lee, Sung-Duck,Kim, In-Kyu,Kim, Duk-Ki,Chung, Ae-Ran 한국통계학회 2009 Communications for statistical applications and me Vol.16 No.1

공간시계열모형은 공간의 위치와 시간의 흐름에 따라 동시에 관측되는 분야인 기상, 지질, 천문, 생태, 역학 등에서 넓이 사용되고 있는 매우 복잡한 모형이다. 본 논문은 공간시계열모형에 대한 모수 추정에 있어서 기존의 최대우도추정 방법이 가지는 컴퓨팅의 문제를 해결하기 위하여 모수에 대한 사전정보와 자료의 정보를 모두 이용하는 깁스샘플링과 같은 MCMC 방법으로 모수를 추정하고, 실제 적용사례분석으로 여러 가지 측도를 구해서 추정된 모수에 대한 수렴진단을 수행하였다. Spatial time series data can be viewed either as a set of time series collected simultaneously at a number of spatial locations. In this paper, We estimate the parameters of spatial time autoregressive moving average (SIARMA) process by method of Gibbs sampling. Finally, We apply this method to a set of U.S. Mumps data over a 12 states region.

졸업을 앞둔 학생들에게 - 첫 무대부터 견고하게

이성덕,Lee Sung Duk 대한간호협회 1967 대한간호 Vol.6 No.6

영국지방자치제도(英國地方自治制度)의 현대적(現代的) 전개(展開) -1972년의 개정법(改正法)을 중심(中心)으로-

이성덕 ( Sung Duk Lee ) 東亞大學校附設 石堂傳統文化硏究院 1983 石堂論叢 Vol.7 No.-

Local government in Britain is the responsibility of elected local authorities which are the democratic representatives of their areas and provide local services under specific powers conferred by Parliament. Government on a local basis has been part of the administrative system of the country for many centuries. The concept of a comprehensive system of councils locally elected to manage various services provided for the benefit of the community was first incorporated in statute law in the late nineteenth century, when local authorities` functions were centred on public health, highway, the police and regulatory duties. The authorities have since also become responsible for education, housing and most of the environmental health and personal social services, traffic administration, planning, fire services, libraries and many minor functions. During the present century this increasing range of local authority functions eventually gave rise to a need for radical reform of the basic pattern of local government. Local government in Greater London was reorganised in 1964, and in the rest of England and Wales in 1974. A similar reorganisation was completed in Scotland in 1975. Changes in the structure and functions of local government in Northern Ireland were made in 1973. England and Wales now have two tiers of local authorities everywhere. In England there are variants for `metropolitan` and `non-metropolitan` areas. The `metropolitan` system applies to six conurbations outside London, and resembles the local government system in Greater London. The `non-metropolitan` system applies elsewhere in England; the system in Wales is similar to the latter. In a word, this paper has argued that the structure of English local government has changed over the last hundred years in response to a number of social, economic, and political changes. As a result of changes, the localty and the centre have become closely entwined. This has meant that English local government has become delocalised so that efficiency criterion has become preferred rather than the earlier stress on local democracy.

요한 잘로모 제믈러(Johann Salomo Semler)의 정통주의 비판과 역사 - 비평적 성서이해-

이성덕 ( Sung Duk Lee ) 한국대학선교학회 2021 대학과 선교 Vol.49 No.-

‘오직 성서만으로’(sola scriptura)를 모토로 하는 개신교회에서 성서는 신앙과 신학의 최종적인 판단의 근거이다. 문제는 어떻게 성서를 해석하는 가이다. 심지어 이단도 자신들의 주장이나 교리의 정당성을 주장할 때 성서를 인용한다. 성서를 문자주의 내지 축자영감설의 입장에서 잘못 해석할 때, 아무리 선한 의도를 가지고 있다고 하더라도 시대착오적인 해석을 하고 이를 절대화함으로 성서를 폭력을 정당화시키는 무서운 도구로 만들 수 있다. 이것은 이제까지의 교회사가 여실히 보여주고 있다. 이 모든 것이 성서의 형성과정에 대한 이해부족과 역사-비평적인 성서해석의 무지에서 오는 것이다. 요한 잘로모 제믈러는 역사-비평적 성서해석의 선구자이다. 그는 역사적 진리 물음을 소홀히 하는 정통주의의 형이상학적 입장을 비판하면서, 모든 신학적 물음은 도그마적인 주장을 통해서가 아니라, 역사적인 연구를 통해 대답되어져야 한다고 확신했다. 이러한 전제 하에서 그는 성서문자주의 내지는 축자영감설을 비판한다. 비록 그는 계몽주의적인 역사-비평방법을 적용하긴 하지만, 복음이 가져오는 율법으로부터의 자유와 우리 인간의 공로가 아니라 하나님의 은혜로 말미암는 믿음에 의한 칭의가 성서 전체의 핵심이라는 입장을 견지한다. In Protestant churches, the Bible(Canon) is the basis for the final judgment of faith and theology. The question is how to interpret the Bible. Even heresy cites the Bible when it claims its justification of doctrine. When misinterpreting the Bible from the standpoint of Biblical literalism or verbal inspiration, no matter how good intentions we have, we can make the Bible a scary tool for justifying violence by making anachronistic interpretations and absolutizing them. This is clearly illustrated by the history of the church so far. All of this comes from a lack of understanding of the historical process of forming the Bible and ignorance of historical-critical interpretation. Johann Salomo Semler believed that historical consideration of the process of forming the Bible(Canon) must be preconditioned in order to properly understand the Bible. He criticizes the metaphysical position of orthodoxy for neglecting historical truth questions. He was convinced that all theological questions should be answered through historical research, not through dogma claims. Under these assumptions, he criticizes Biblical literalism or verbal inspiration. Although he applies the Enlightenment historical-critical method, he maintains that the freedom from the Law brought by Gospel and Justification by faith alone through God's grace, not by the merits of our own human beings, are at the heart of the entire Bible.

마르실리우스 파도바의 교황과 교회권력에 대한 비판

이성덕(Sung-Duk Lee) 연세대학교 신과대학(연합신학대학원) 2018 신학논단 Vol.93 No.-

This article aims to explore Marsilius of Padua`s criticism of Pope and church power. The struggle between Pope and emperor over the Middle Ages led to the political turbulence of Western Europe for hundreds of years. In this situation, Marsilius criticized the Pope"s secular power, and he completely denied the authority of the Pope`s claim to secular power, and he demanded that Church should obey secular authority. His thoughts are well reflected in his major work, Defendor pacis(Defender of peace). He claimed that it was the power of Pope and his Church to disturb the peace, namely the purpose of nation. He saw that all power came from God, but that God had placed the work of the human world under the responsibility of man himself. He made a radical argument to change the workings of the divine law to the afterlife. He can be said to have made theology the handmaiden of political philosophy, given that he gave the nation the authority man had previously given to the Pope and the Vatican. But what should not be mistaken is that he was not a non-christian liberal thinker who rejected Christianity. His ideas and his whole political theory were embedded in the belief and spirit of the Middle Ages of Christianity. At the center of his political theory lies the legitimacy of civic representatives and the law. The basis of these two concepts is the will of the citizen as a whole(universitas civium). This is the only reason to fear the law, elect a representative and fire him again. With this, he established the ideology of Civil Sovereignty. Although he did not abandon his christian faith, he preoccupied modernity by criticizing the pope and church power and by positioning the church in the oder of the secular world more strongly than Reformer Martin Luther. This article aims to explore Marsilius of Padua`s criticism of Pope and church power. The struggle between Pope and emperor over the Middle Ages led to the political turbulence of Western Europe for hundreds of years. In this situation, Marsilius criticized the Pope"s secular power, and he completely denied the authority of the Pope`s claim to secular power, and he demanded that Church should obey secular authority. His thoughts are well reflected in his major work, Defendor pacis(Defender of peace). He claimed that it was the power of Pope and his Church to disturb the peace, namely the purpose of nation. He saw that all power came from God, but that God had placed the work of the human world under the responsibility of man himself. He made a radical argument to change the workings of the divine law to the afterlife. He can be said to have made theology the handmaiden of political philosophy, given that he gave the nation the authority man had previously given to the Pope and the Vatican. But what should not be mistaken is that he was not a non-christian liberal thinker who rejected Christianity. His ideas and his whole political theory were embedded in the belief and spirit of the Middle Ages of Christianity. At the center of his political theory lies the legitimacy of civic representatives and the law. The basis of these two concepts is the will of the citizen as a whole(universitas civium). This is the only reason to fear the law, elect a representative and fire him again. With this, he established the ideology of Civil Sovereignty. Although he did not abandon his christian faith, he preoccupied modernity by criticizing the pope and church power and by positioning the church in the oder of the secular world more strongly than Reformer Martin Luther.

존 웨슬리의 전쟁과 평화에 대한 이해

이성덕(Sung-Duk Lee) 연세대학교 신과대학(연합신학대학원) 2015 신학논단 Vol.80 No.-

독일 경건주의 찬양과 존 웨슬리

이성덕 ( Sung Duk Lee ) 한국대학선교학회 2012 대학과 선교 Vol.22 No.-

John Wesley’s Standard Sermons and Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament was the official doctrinal documents which characterized Methodism. It was rather Collections of Psalms and Hymns than these that more strongly moved the people and vitalized the early methodist movement. Actually, “Methodism was born in song.” A Collection of Psalms and Hymns was a very effective tool to evoke an ardent spirit of praise in the hearts of many Methodists and to educate them. At this process, German Pietistic Hymns have made a considerable contribution to John Wesley``s theological thinking and the movement. The subjective quality of German hymns reached its culmination in the works by Pietists, which emphasized the tension between the transcendence of God and the personal relationship in repentance, conversion and assurance of salvation. The 33 hymns translated and accepted by John Wesley came from both Hymnals edited by A. J. Freylinghausen in Halle and Hymnals by N. L. v. Zinzendorf in Herrnhut. Although German Pietistic Hymns have taken a relatively small part in Collection of Psalms and Hymns in comparison with English hymns, they have much impacted on the formation of John Wesley’s theological thinking and Methodism.

영국지방자치의 현대적 전개 : 경험적 성찰

이성덕 ( Sung - Duk Lee ) 한국행정학회 1985 韓國行政學報 Vol.19 No.2

초등 실과 체험학습 프로그램 개발의 구성주의적 접근 전략에 관한 연구

이성덕(Lee Sung Duk) 한국실과교육학회 2001 한국실과교육학회지 Vol.14 No.3

The purpose of this study were to review theoretical basis of experiential learning in practical arts education, and explore the effective approach strategy to develop experiential learning program on the basis of constructivist view. The major findings of this study were as follows; 1. As a result of reviewing literature, the concept of experiential learning, experiential learning and its related education theory was discussed. 2. Experiential learning of practical arts education 1)should be conceived as a process, not in terms of outcomes, and 2)should be a continuous process based on experience, and 3)should be an holistic process of adaptation to the world. 3. When we are going to develop experiential learning program in practical arts education, classical rational approach have some limitations by its nature, so constructivist approach should be considered as a alternative strategy. 4. According to constructivist approach, experiential learning program development in practical arts education should be 1)multiple and holistic process, 2)not static but formative program, 3)contextual along with the learner’s real life, 4)the dynamic interactive process between learner and teacher, between individual and environment, and between learner groups. 5. According to constructivist approach, experiential learning program development in practical arts education should include four phases as follows. 1) related institution-based development phase, 2)school-based development phase, 3)co-development by teacher and learner phase, 4)learner-based development phase.

제6회 논문 발표회 발표 논문 : 경건(敬虔)과 정치(政治): 독일 경건주의와 초기 프로이센 절대 국가, 논평(경건(敬虔)과 정치(政治))

이성덕 ( Sung Duk Lee ),박영실 한국복음주의역사신학회 2002 역사신학 논총 Vol.4 No.-