소설 『순수 박물관』에 나타난 여성문제 :가부장적 이데올로기를 중심으로-

이난아 한국이슬람학회 2023 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.33 No.3

As Turkey has democratized and industrialized, women's rights and political participation have improved significantly compared to other Islamic countries, and many of their rights are legally guaranteed. However, entrenched gender discrimination, a male-dominated patriarchal society, and misogynistic stereotypes of women remain. Orhan Pamuk, the first Turkish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2006, has established himself as a writer who explores a variety of social issues in his works, including the conflict and clash between Eastern and Western cultures. The novel The Museum of Innocence is unique in that it focuses on the theme of love and brings to the fore women's issues and perceptions of the 1970s to the forefront. For example, women's premarital purity, premarital sex, and patriarchal ideology flow throughout the novel through the characters' thoughts and conversations. In The Museum of Innocence, the immorality of men is portrayed in a way that is socially acceptable, and the same logic doesn't apply to women. For example, while female characters are tormented and confused by premarital sex, men are largely free from such concerns (though not free from the pressure to marry and take responsibility for the women they sleep with). While men's infidelity is tolerated, women’s is judged and labelled as immoral because of the social climate. Furthermore, only women are expected to remain chaste, while men are not subject to such restrictions. There is a dichotomy and duality in that women who lose their virginity are inherently evil and men who cause them to lose their virginity are innocent. Underlying this is a patriarchal ideology. There are many solutions to changing and overcoming patriarchal social structures, including legislation, but the most important is to change the perception of society as a whole. Now that women are making inroads into different areas of society, a multi-pronged effort is needed to ensure that they are treated equally to men.

Studying the Transmission of Epidemics via the Maritime Silk Road in the Novel Nights of Plague

이난아 계명대학교 실크로드 중앙아시아연구원 2023 Acta Via Serica Vol.8 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the descriptions of the transmission of plague along the Silk Road in Orhan Pamuk’s 2022 novel Nights of Plague. Pamuk won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2006, the first prize for Turkish literature. Pamuk’s vast knowledge of epidemiological history, which has long fascinated him, comes to life in this novel as he describes the characters’ battles against the plague in the East and West and how the plague was brought to the islands and spread along the Maritime Silk Road. One of the most important trade routes in human history, the Silk Road was not only a link between East and West trade and cultures but also a route for the transmission of bubonic plague during the medieval period onwards. It was this epidemic that contributed to the decline of the Silk Road. In the novel, a plague originating in China strikes the Ottoman coastal cities of Smyrna and Mingheria on its way to Europe via India. The epidemic is contained in Smyrna but the death toll spirals out of control when the plague reaches the island of Mingheria by sea. The spatial setting of the novel is an island, which means that it communicates with the outside world by sea. The only way the plague could have spread to an isolated island was by ship. Rats from different ports and ships would have traveled to other parts of the world or even countries to spread the plague. In Nights of Plague, the fact that the plague reached Mingheria via the maritime Silk Road is also proven by the route of the ships and various narratives. The novel confirms what many scholars have argued, that the Silk Road brought various goods from the East to the Roman Empire, along with deadly diseases, and that the sea routes were an important way for the plague to travel and spread.

소설『 내 마음의 낯섦』에 나타난 터키 음식 문화의 표상과 의미 연구

이난아 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 중동문제연구소 2019 중동문제연구 Vol.18 No.3

Orhan Pamuk, the writer hailing from Istanbul, chose his birthplace as the spatial background for the novel A Strangeness in My Mind. While his previous novels focused on the middle and upper classes of Istanbul, this work stands out by centering on the poor people dealing with urbanization and modernization. The main structure of the novel follows the story of Mevlut, who was born in a poor town in Anatolia, in the central region of Turkey. Through his eventful life, we look at the changes in Turkey and Istanbul along with the social aspects such as political and cultural conflicts by using “boza”, a traditional fermented beverage, as a pivot. The culinary culture has deep relations with society’s history and culture, which makes it a significant subject in the cultural study analyzing political, economic, social, and religious implications. A Strangeness in My Mind uses “boza” to present the tale of colorful Turkish cuisine together with modern Turkish history stained with social chaos such as military coups and conflicts with Kurds. The novel makes associations between food and the characters, the events, and the dishes, to describe their unique traits, and employs culinary metaphors to express people’s thoughts and intentions. Boza, in particular, serves as metaphor for several themes: the disputes between Islam and secularism, nostalgia for fading traditions, and for Mevlut, a confrontation with himself and introspection.

다큐멘터리 「코레 아일라」와 영화 「아일라」 비교 분석

이난아 한국이슬람학회 2019 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.29 No.3

The documentary 「Kore Ayla」 and the film 「Ayla: The Daughter of War」 reproduce a story of a Turkish veteran Süleyman and that of Ayla who was orphaned by Korean War, taking them as their common theme. These are special works that visualize the developing process of photographs into a documentary and subsequent films. The film 「Ayla: The Daughter of War」 is based on the documentary 「Kore Ayla」, a documentary about humanism that transcends nationalities of Turkish veteran and an orphaned Korean girl. The two different genres take on different format, plot, and techniques. The biggest difference is that while「Kore Ayla」 focuses on the story of Süleyman and Ayla after the war as it is a special project for commemorating sixty years of Korean War, 「Ayla: The Daughter of Wa r」 focuses their story in the moment of Korean War. 「Kore Ayla」 mainly deals with the process of the characters’ separation and reunion after sixty years’ time, rather than how they were during the war. On the other hand「Ayla: The Daughter of War」 covers their story from the humanistic point of view. The plot is enriched with some fictional episodes which is the distinctive trait of a film. Also, there are various characters featuring around them. Both the documentary and the film records photographs and stories of Süleyman, who practiced the true love for humanity beyond race, nationality, and religion. Thus, 「Kore Ayla」 and 「Ayla: The Daughter of War」 are considered meaningful contents in that they offered a chance to deliver and share the impacts of Korean War on mankind with posterity.

오르한 파묵의 소설 『눈』의 등장인물 대립구도 연구 - 이슬람주의자와 세속주의자를 중심으로 -

이난아 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 중동연구소 2008 중동연구 Vol.27 No.1

Turkey, an Islamic cultural nation, has been undergoing active cultural interchange with Western culture because of geopolitical location between Asia and Europe. Thus, its history is so complicate and various for a conflict of Eastern and Western civilization. Turkey is the best example for showing how to be conflicted, reconciled, and reacted between both civilizations, both religions, and both races. Especially, Turkey is so valuable and attractive to research continuously; that is because Turkey has been developing and stagnating repeatedly in confusion of mingling the Islam value system and westernization. The author, Orhan Pamuk, deal in depth with the various materials and the viewpoints of the conflict in Turkey between Islamic and western culture, and also he deal historical background in most of his work. 『Snow』 is a story that Pamuk stated the incidents during three days in Kars, which is a border town in Turkey, while he was tracing his friend and a hero, Ka. He described in this story the complications of varied people, such as the girl students who adhere to take hijab and the school that try to deter the girl students from their action, people who believe god and people who don’t believe god, the coup force, and Islamic fundamentalists who are against to the West and the republic government. Finally, these all complications are from a big origin, Islam fundamentalism and secularism. In a viewpoint of the Islamic ideologist in 『Snow』, the secularists or the people who pursue westernization disregard Islam and make Turkish Muslims to the slaves for Western. In contrast, in a viewpoint of the secularists, Islamic Ideologists are the enemies who are against the ideology and Atatürk of the Republic of Turkey. Pamuk suggested relationship and conversation among the symbolic characters between each of both sides and direct, indirect meet and logic as the great symbols according to assign equally the opportunity of speaking to each of the characters for describing the conflict between Islam and secularism. Of course, Pamuk left the judgment and the choice about the evaluation of each of the characters through observation of ‘Ka’ as a poet; curiously, ‘Ka’ is a third person who is not only a Turkish but also not a Turkish. This proves that Pamuk designated ‘Ka’ as a hero who is indifferent to realities, politics, and also god, and considers writing poem more important and happier than anything. He pointed out many defects including a part that Western sent many people to the gallows for modernization in 『Snow』; moreover, he also indicated misunderstanding about Western or westernization through Islam. Furthermore, he included acute criticism and negative influence about Islam novelistically in the story, too. In the story, a novelist Orhan who is a friend of the hero “Ka” is none other than Orhan Pamuk himself. There is none of his works that put his opinion directly as a character into the story among all of his work except 『Snow』. Therefore, this novel and the characters in this story are getting near to the readers more in actuality. “Snow rouse up the feeling that life is beautiful and short, all of human being is truly alike each other even though all of hostility, and the world of human being is small although the universe and time is infinite.” As Pamuk said like this, he appeals to the readers for all of the reconciliation and tolerance through the symbol,『Snow』. Eventually, all characters in this story are just human beings that pursue happiness and are consequently similar whether they are Islamic ideologist or secularists.

터키문학에 나타난 이슬람.기독교 문화 갈등및 충돌연구-오르한 파묵의 소설 <내 이름은 빨강>의 등장인물 '올리브'를 중심으로

이난아 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 중동연구소 2007 중동연구 Vol.25 No.2

터키민족문학의 발달과 터키민족의 정체성 모색

이난아 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2002 지중해지역연구 Vol.4 No.2

When a country is experiencing changes by both its internal and external factors, the society is forced to face various kinds of problems such as political and social tensions, confrontations and conflicts among different social classes, and stagnation of cultural areas. In circumstances like that, as a way of seeking general understanding of people's lives and retrieval of its homogeneity, national literature theory has emerged and various discussions on the theory have been held. Considering that literature represents an aspect of human mentality that reflects the reality of the society, it is natural that an attempt has been made to take advantage of the influence of nationalism, which was the mainstream of the time. Turkish national literature theory has shown the reality of Turkish people and literary self-introspection on the historical background. If national literature is the one with its own historical and cultural background based on the peculiar traditions, Turkish national of the people in literature. Since the contents of the literature was focused on the lives of ordinary Turkish people, the national literature was able to be on its way to develop, and the leading writers of the time wrote and did research based on Turkish nationalism. Turkish nationalism shows an example that when nationalism is adopted in literature, it helps establish the identity of the people, evoke sympathy among the people, and unite and educate the people. The characteristics of national literature, which are inspiring the national consciousness and popularizing the national sentiments, can hold potentials for national development. All in all, Turkish national literature helped establish Turkish people's identity and strengthen national sympathy. Its success led a way for the development of Turkish literature by achieving the literary popularization.

터키 문학에 나타난 여성문제-소설 『순수 박물관』속 혼전순결문제를 중심으로-

이난아 한국중동학회 2022 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.43 No.1

Despite the fact that Turkey adopted modernization and westernization as the Republic's ideology after its establishment and has undergone various social changes, the perception of women's purity has not changed significantly. It regards purity as a valuable treasure that must be preserved prior to marriage, and this perception clearly demonstrates gender discrimination and oppression that only applies to women. Among all of Orhan Pamuk's works published to date, The Museum of Innocence is a novel in which women's issues are addressed seriously in the vast subject of love. This work reveals the contradiction between discrimination and women's perceptions experienced by Turkish women in the 1970s, and it reflects an era in which women are not recognized as autonomous and independent by living individual lives or actively participating in society, and are faithful to husband and child rearing in a compliant and patriarchal society. The conventional wisdom that women who have sex with men without mentioning marriage or hope were also prevalent in the novel's background. Men who are afraid that women will experience pleasure and cling to it as premarital relationships, and women who have premarital relationships but have not married their partners, are chastised as defamed, pitiful women who have been abandoned. Women’s premarital sex is accepted as a religious constraint or moral defect, men, on the other hand, are relatively tolerant of having sex before marriage or meeting other women after marriage. Despite various legal facts in Turkey, women continue to face discrimination in Turkish society as a result of their lack of awareness of women's issues, as well as inhumane old customs and narrow-minded thinking. It could be argued that blaming only women is unjust in Turkey, where honor killings are still carried out on women who have lost their purity or spirit. The problem of discrimination against women in Turkey will have to be improved in the future, recognizing the problems of bad habits and patriarchal society, and only when incorrect customs disappear will men and women be able to live together in an equal society.

터키문학에 나타난 이슬람-기독교 문화 갈등 및 충돌 연구: 오르한 파묵의 소설『내 이름은 빨강』의 등장인물 ‘올리브’를 중심으로

이난아 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 중동연구소 2007 중동연구 Vol.25 No.2

A Study on the Conflict and Collision of Islam and Christian Cultures in Turkey Literature Lee, Nana(HUFS)

현대인의 삶의 황폐, 사랑 혹은 성 : 터키소설 『위험한 동화』를 중심으로

이난아 세계문학비교학회 2002 世界文學比較硏究 Vol.6 No.-

The Turkish novel 『Dangerous stories』, which was introduced in Korea, has sold several hundred thousands of copies and been a best seller, a success in Turkey, and finally has created great sensation in press and media. This is not because of superficial popularity, but because of the communicational code which helped the readers to sympathize with the other readers. This is also because 『Dangerous stories』 is a novel about the dept of our loneliness in the modern life, not only the hero’s loneliness, although the writer depicts thoroughly various shapes of loneliness the middle-aged single man comes across. Especially, the theme of this novel is clearly expressed in the phrase on the book cover, which reads the story of loneliness, to wander endlessly between the new love and the old love which couldn’t be given up. This novel also deals acutely with the hero’s own problems of existence, loneliness, and wandering as well as the love of two women, the old love and the new one. “I”, who is the hero and the narrator, is a man whose loneliness has been accumulated in his bones since he lost his family and stayed from one relative’s to another. “I” is a man who is aware of his loneliness and wants someone to be always with him. “I” choose sensual pleasures as the only way out of own loneliness. Therefore, the novel depicts the hero’s sex life thoroughly to describe his troubles and psychological changes and this is the core of the story. But, unfortunately, the hero becomes a man who can’t find any common ground between sensual pleasure and love due to his accumulated loneliness, and more, a man who can’t accept other’s love. Loneliness is a kind of certificate for existence which makes “I”be “I”, not makes “I” be hungry and painful. So “I” grab this certificate and indulge in women drifting everyday. Numbers of women can’t save “I”, just go around “I”, get disappointed, and finally abandon “I”. The writer intimates the formula of true love which can save people from loneliness as condition of love coded implicitly through the parody: “I can’t help thinking about a snake casting off the skin forty times to be happy and a girl taking off forty pieces of clothing. True meeting can be realized on the fact that I myself take off my false clothes when he takes off his false clothes.” This story of “Snake prince”, inserted in the novel, suggests that the way out of loneliness and neglect is not based on indulgence in sex or sensual pleasure but based on “equality” and taking off “false slough” of each other. This is because one-way attempt or reckless acceptance can’t come to true love. This story of Snake prince intimates showing everything without false armor, that is trueness of showing myself without reserve for a way out of “loneliness” as well as it is a story about love. However, the partner disappears the moment “I” cast off the skin, “I” remains alone, and the novel comes to the end. After all, we can exist as a human being who is not lonely any more among people, and get out of loneliness when the knot between “I” and “others” is tied and love exists through responsibility and self sacrifice in the knot of relations.