여신 숭배를 통해본 지중해 지역의 여성성 : 남성중심 사회 내의 여신 숭배의 잔재를 통해본 여성성에의 욕구

최혜영 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2003 지중해지역연구 Vol.5 No.1

There were many goddesses who were worshipped as Mother-Goddess in the Mediterranean areas in antiquity. Not only were there many so called 'Venus'es from the Palaeolithic Age, but also Isis in Egypt, Kybele in Asia Minor, Tanit in Phoenicia, and Gaia, the first divinity in Greek Mythology. This paper does not intend to solve the colossal question why the worship for the Goddesses was stronger in the Mediterranean areas than any other areas, but to figure out the chronological transition of their roles and of the practice of worship of them. The Goddesses who had been initially enjoying independent position as divinities came to be subordinate to Male-Gods, as the patriarchal social system developed. In Greece, for example, the goddesses of Olympus were destined to be subject to those Male-Gods like as Zeus or other gods. And afterwards, with Christianity as monotheism began to dominate, the Goddesses as well as various Male-Gods disappeared. Nevertheless, the worship of Goddesses in the Mediterranean areas survived in disguise. When Christianity had fallen under an ideology of a kind of patriarchism, the desire for femininity had been oppressed. It seems, it was transformed into the worship of the Virgin Mary, in the Middle Ages on, and for Marianne in the epoch of the French Revolution in the Modern Age. In this, we could trace a continuity beyond the ages in the structure of human mentality and feeling.

전후 이탈리아 외교정책에서 지중해정책의 의미와 역할 (1945-1959)

이선필 ( Son Phil Lee ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2006 지중해지역연구 Vol.8 No.1

Until the 2nd World War, the Mediterranean had been one of the key areas in the Italia foreign policy and the source of it`s international status and power politics. But with the defeat in the war and the emergence of the Cold War after that war, the mediterraneanity of the Italian foreign policy has weakened, because of it`s concentrating on the europeanism and the atlantism. But after the demise of Alcide de Gasperi, the Italian mediterranean vocation has been reemerged by the new political elite group which was seeing in favour the distension between East-West. It was hoped that this process would facilitate the ``open to the Left`` that they had in mind for the stabilization of the Italia political system. They was also interested in acting to mediate between the West and the Arab world. So they actively searched for development in diplomatic and economic relations with the Arab countries. In this way they hoped to become a exclusive interlocutor of the United States in the Mediterranean Sea. So It can be said that the Italia mediterranean policy has been, at the same time, a scope and an instrument of the Italia foreign policy.

지역연구 패러다임을 통해 본 지중해학

하병주 ( Byoung Joo Hah ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2011 지중해지역연구 Vol.13 No.1

It is quite evident that constant efforts to define the disciplinarity of ``Area Studies`` have been made by many scholars during the half a century. Among them, Professor Robert B. Hall by whom the field of ``Area Studies`` was pioneered have tried to define and conceptualize it. He was acknowledged as one of those who contributed much to the development of ``Area Studies``. He stated and emphasized the four objectives of its studies: 1) world knowledge, 2) cooperative research and its integration, 3) cross-cultural understanding, and 4) elimination of handicaps in social science research. Recently, the importance of the Mediterranean area as ``Area`` unit has been concerned. Although that area was already the subject of scholars` study and research, nowadays that area is highlighted as an analytical area unit for the cultural exchange between the East and the West. On this, this paper is performed by examining and analyzing the Mediterranean are as ``area unit``. In order to do, the above mentioned area studies` methodological approaches will be reviewed and applied to it. The concepts, etymology, scopes and historical background of the Mediterranean Area will be inquired and investigated from the standpoint of Area Studies` paradigm. Therefore, the task of its conceptualization and defining will be attempted and open to argument.

`두 개의 스페인`에 나타난 지중해 정신 연구-니코스 카잔차키스의 『스페인 기행』을 중심으로-

신정환 ( Shin Jeong-hwan ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2017 지중해지역연구 Vol.19 No.1

Spain, which was the frontier of the world, appears in world history through Mediterranean civilization. The Mediterranean Sea is the sea of openness that opened the doors of Spain and the sea of meeting with others. Spain, which has been incorporated into the Mediterranean civilization, has had a tradition of coexistence of contradictory elements. Two of the many Greeks who had stepped on the Spanish soil after Hercules were El Greco and Kazantzakis. Like El Greco, Cretan born Kazankzakis sought liberty and craved salvation as a typical Mediterranean writer. He traveled to Spain four times in the early 20th century and left a travel writing. The purpose of this article is to explore what Spain is and how it relates to the universal Mediterranean and, moreover, to the writer`s own identity. Kazantzakis says Spain has two faces. However, the history of Spain has shown the coexistence of two opposing elements, like the relationship between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. It was influenced by Mediterranean culture, a sea of openness and communication. With the beginning of the Atlantic era, Spain built an empire in which the sun never set and culturally a Golden Age began with brilliant art and literature. But the collapse of Spain was foreseen. This is because Spain has lost the Mediterranean spirit of coexistence and harmony and is on the road of isolation. In the Mediterranean civilization, Christians and Muslims have coexisted in repeated conflicts and reconciliations. But Spain denies the roots of the Arabs that are imprinted on them. What Kazantzakis witnessed through his travels to Spain is a dark figure that denies the Other. The vitality of the cultural renaissance in the early 20th century is about to disappear. Here, Kazantzakis confirms a deep spiritual bond with El Greco. Like El Greco, who captures the essence behind the phenomenon, Kazantzakis also sees the essence of Spain, where two elements are at odds with each other. But his journey is also a reflection of his life seeking freedom and salvation. Through his travels to Spain, he finds himself and his homeland. Finally, he returns to himself like Odysseus who returns to Ithaca through the Mediterranean sea.

지중해권 경제에서의 장기기억에 관한 연구 : 주식 수익률을 중심으로

김지열 ( Ji Yeol Kim ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2004 지중해지역연구 Vol.6 No.1

The Studies until now are concluding that stock price in stock market follows random walk process by rational expectation hypothesis and efficient market hypothesis developing a lot of probability models. However, random walk process in stock market has a lot of questions actually. The main objective of this thesis is to test existence of the long-term memory effect of Stock Earning Rate in Mediterrancen nation. The modified R/S analysis and V-statistic used to examine this utility function. In conclusions, this thesis shows existence of the long-term memory effect of of Stock Earning Rate in Mediterrancen nation.

EU와 마그레브 공동체간의 협력관계 연구 : 지중해연합 출범을 계기로

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2008 지중해지역연구 Vol.10 No.4

The Mediterranean Sea is vast and its geographical range connects Europe, Africa and Asia. And it`s no doubt that many scholars attach significant importance to it because it has been regarded as a beginning place of history and many civilizations in addition to its political importance. Dividing the world into two parts, the north and the south, the Mediterranean has been the meeting place of the East and the West, Islam and Christianity, Europe and the Arab world, and cultivated flourishing civilizations. The civilizations which developed in the Mediterranean were sometimes winced by U.S. power. However, they seem to be reorganized today into a form of a huge regional organization, the name of which is the Union for the Mediterranean or the Mediterranean Union(MU), by their efforts to recover the glorious days of the past. Indeed, France and Italy among the European counties surrounding the Mediterranean have politically and economically influenced to and also have been affected by North African countries which were once their colonies. And England has kept special relations with Egypt and Israel in varied fields. This article deals with the diversified cooperative relations between EU and the North African countries belong to Arab Maghreb Union(AMU), focusing on MU. There will be variety of gains and losses if an enormous free trade zone establishes following the birth of MU. Indeed, MU is a coupling of two politically, economically, socially and culturally different regions except their geographical proximity and historical connections in which the north exploited the colonial south. The Economist magazine analyzed that the success of MU depend on winning confidence from the north EU countries firstly through displaying how fairly they trade with the North African partners in accordance with the principles of free trade despite two sides` economic unbalance including opening of the Mediterranean EU countries` agricultural products market and secondly through decreasing their vested rights among EU countries. Because MU includes two worlds which can be called the developed Christian countries in the north and the developing Islamic countries in the south, it has great diversity. Therefore, it has to seek not the complete unification but the equilibrium, in which they can find peace, harmony and cooperation through communications with largely different each others.

오스만 터키와 동부 지중해의 해상교역

이희수 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2003 지중해지역연구 Vol.5 No.1

The Ease Mediterranean has been the Islamic sea since the 7th century. The Arabs were predominant in the sea from the 8th century, and replaced by Turks from the 15th century when the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople of the Byzantine. The East Mediterranean prosperity in the Islamic period was mainly based on two pillars; the sea has been functioned as an important route to Mecca for annual pilgrimage on one hand, the vital route of supplying agricultural grain from Egypt to Istanbul on the other hand. The Preveza War in 1538 in which the Ottoman fleet commanded by admiral Barbarosa defeated combined European fleet became a turning point for the absolute supremacy over the East Mediterranean by the Ottoman Empire. With the Ottoman presence, the East Mediterranean became the most dynamic cultural melting pot where all the commercial items, technology, new ideas and arts from the orient, western Europe and Arab world flowed into. In particular, the East Mediterranean has significant position to connect the maritime routes to the Great Silk road, by which human society enabled to initiated new sense of mutual understanding and cooperation. Main commercial articles from East Mediterranean to the rest world were as follows; incense(frankincense), sugar, citron, orange, coffee, carpet, textile(muslin, gauze, mohair, taffeta, damask), silk, slave*Slav, Barbary, Black African). After the 17th century, however, the hegemony of East Mediterranean turned over to the West Europe from the Ottomans who were then faced to such problems as internal power conflicts and uprisings in peripheral provinces of the empire. As new maritime superpowers, Britain and France now started their colonial expansion occupying Egypt, North Africa and Middle East. Finally with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the East Mediterranean as a Islamic sea lost many parts of her glory and prosperity enjoyed since the 7th century. In the 21st century, however, the East Mediterranean still surrounded by Islamic region- Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt prepare new take-off to recapture her heyday.

논문 : 지중해 배경의 스페인과 무슬림 관계 연구-돈키호테를 중심으로-

신정환 ( Jeong Hwan Shln ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2014 지중해지역연구 Vol.16 No.3

Cervantes witnessed the glory and fall of the Habsburg Spain thatconstructed the Empire on which the sun never set. Cervantes himself did notlead an easy life and his misfortune had much to do with the Turks in theMediterranean background. He fought against the Ottoman navy in Lepanto andwas wounded and disabled for life. Returning to Spain, his ship was capturedby pirates and he was sold as a slave to the Turks in Algiers. It wasn``t untilfive years later that Cervantes was released. Back in Spain, a disabled veteranwas not welcomed by society. We may be able to discern what kind of attitudesCervantes must have had on the Muslims from this series of adversities. Wecan say that the experience in the Muslim world led the Spanish writer to keepopenness to other cultures. But we must also take notice that Cervantes wasgreatly influenced earlier by humanism of Erasmus as well. The captive``s tale in the first part of Don Quixote shows a happy conclusionwhen the Spanish captain and his Muslim lover get married with the blessingsof their companions. Cervantes might here indicate to us the harmony Spainhad previously enjoyed for over 800 years, during which period various cultures and religions coexisted with mutual recognition and respect. In the second partof Don Quixote, we can see the story of Ricote who was expelled from Spain. The scenes involving Ricote``s family could be read as a satire on the Spanishexclusiveness. We can say that Cervantes`` intention was to criticize the Spanishbiased nationalism. Taking a stand against the repression of the Moriscos,Cervantes made use of his masterpiece to open that exclusive nation. In the 16th century, the Mediterranean was divided into the Habsburgs andthe Ottoman Turks. Spain kept the Mediterranean spirit of harmony, despite theconstant quarrels with Muslim nations in holding the control of the sea. Butsince the late 16th century the two empires turned their concerns toward theAtlantic and Persia respectively. The old pluralistic Spain of the three religionswas replaced by a monolithic society. It was a turn from the Mediterranean tothe Atlantic, from plurality to uniformity and from openness to exclusiveness. In Don Quixote, Cervantes looks back to the harmonious past. That would beregarded as nostalgia for the lost Mediterranean spirit.

초청강연 : 지중해 이슬람 세계의 역사와 문화 : 문명의 호수 지중해에서 새로운 밀레니엄을 향하여

이희수 ( Hee Soo Lee ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2000 지중해지역연구 Vol.2 No.-

아랍 서예(Calligraphy)와 기독교 이콘(Icon)의 연관성 연구

김경심 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2003 지중해지역연구 Vol.5 No.1

The Medi terranean is a multi-cultural environment where ancient Egyptian culture, Greek culture, Roman and Christian culture, Arabic and Islamic culture have mutual relations and influences one another. So, the Mediterranean culture is a mosaic of the Mediterranean culture is very difficult. to ordain. The identity of Mediterranean can not elaborate by itself without constant interaction with these different cultures. But until now, the Mediterranean Studies have been achieved usually on the European countries, namely the north part of Mediterranean. The connection between Arabic Calligraphy and Christian Icon is relevant of this. Indeed, we usually consider that Christian Icon is the representation of the Mediterranean religious art. However, what about the Arabic Calligraphy as religious art of another part of Mediterranean? The study on the Arabic Calligraphy as a genre of the Arabic and Islamic art has not been achieved properly in out country. This study will shed light generally on Arabic Calligraphy which has remained always as marginal in this relation despite of its historical, cultural, and aesthetical importances.