논문 : 산불로 인한 지표층 연소량 및 온실가스 배출량 추정

이병두 ( Byung Doo Lee ),윤호중 ( Ho Jung Youn ),구교상 ( Kyo Sang Koo ),김경하 ( Kyong Ha Kim ) 한국임학회 2012 한국산림과학회지 Vol.101 No.2

산불은 전 세계적으로 다량의 온실가스를 배출하여 지구온난화에 기여한다. 본 연구에서는 산불로 인한 지표층 연료의 연소량과 이로 인한 온실가스 배출량을 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 51개 산불을 대상으로 소나무림과 활엽수림으로 구분하고, 다시 지표화와 수관화 피해 지역으로 나누어 잔존 연료량을 채취하여, 미연소 지역의 연료량과 일원분산분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과 활엽수 지표화 지역은 8,361 kg/ha, 소나무 지표화 지역은 8,055 kg/ha, 소나무 수관화 지역은 12,333 kg/ha이 연소되어, 수종별·산불행태별로 차이가 있었다. 이때의 연소율은 각각 78, 59, 90%이었다. 이산화탄소, 메탄, 아산화질소 등의 온실가스 배출량은 활엽수 지표화 연소지역 15,856 kg/ha, 소나무 지표화 연소지역 14,834 kg/ha, 소나무 수관화 연소지역은 약 22,709 kg/ha이었다. Globally, the forest fires are a significant contributor of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this study, fuel load consumed by forest fire and emission of green house gases were analysed in the surface layer. For this, remaining fuel was collected and weighed with the species (Japanese red pine, deciduous) and the forest fire types (surface fire, crown fire) in the 51 forest fires. 8,361 kg/ha fuel load was consumed in deciduous forest damaged by surface fire, and 8,055 kg/ha, 12,333 kg/ha in Japanese red pine burned by surface fire and crown fire. The combustion ratios were 78, 59, and 90%, respectively. 15,856 kg/ha the green house gases such as CO2, CH4, CH4 in deciduous forest burned by surface fire was emitted and 14,834 kg/ha, 22,709 kg/ha in Japanese red pine burned by surface fire and crown fire.

태풍 곤파스에 의해 발생한 풍도목 특성과 바람과의 관계 분석

윤호중 ( Ho Joong Youn ),박기형 ( Ki Hyung Park ),이명보 ( Myung Bo Lee ),원명수 ( Myoung Soo Won ),김경하 ( Kyong Ha Kim ) 한국임학회 2011 한국산림과학회지 Vol.100 No.2

본 연구는 2010년 9월 2일 강한 바람으로 우리나라 중부 지방에 영향을 미친 제7호 태풍 곤파스로 인해 피해를 입은 홍릉수목원 내 풍도목을 대상으로 풍도목의 특징, 임내·외 풍향 및 풍속의 특징을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 풍도목은 피해 유형에 따라 바람에 쓰러진 나무, 기울어진 나무, 수간이 부러진 나무 등 크게 세 가지로 구분하여 조사하였다. 바람이 불기 시작한 9월 2일 04시부터 바람이 완전히 멎은 12시까지의 풍속을 분석한 결과, 임내 평균풍속과 순간최대풍속은 각각 1.4 m/s와 3.5 m/s 이었으며, 06시 10분 임내 평균풍속과 순간최대풍속이 각각 3.4 m/s와 8.7 m/s로 최고치를 기록하였다. 곤파스의 피해를 받은 2010년 9월 2일과 강풍주의보가 발효되었던 과거 5일(2009년 2월 13일, 2월 20일, 4월 21일, 10월 16일, 2010년 3월 20일)의 평균풍속 차이와 파동을 비교 분석한 결과, 풍도목 발생 원인은 바람의 세기보다는 단위시간당 바람파동횟수와 관련이 깊은 것으로 사료된다. 풍향 분석결과 임내 평균풍향은 방위각 112.5°~180°(ESE-SE-SSE-S)와 247.5°(WSW) 방향에서 불어 들어왔으며, 임내·외 순간 최대풍향 모두 방위각 157.5°(SSE) 방향에서 강하게 불어 들어왔다. 풍도목의 도복 방향과 위치를 분석한 결과 84.0%의 풍도목이 방위각 270°~22.5°(W-WNW-NW-NNW-N-NNE) 방향으로 쓰러졌으며, 97.3%의 풍도목이 완경사지(경사15° 미만)와 경사지(경사 15°~20°)에서 발생하였다. 풍도목 중 침엽수가 45.3%를 차지했고, 활엽수가 54.7%를 차지하였으나, 임상별로 보면 풍도목은 활엽수림보다 침엽수림과 혼효림에서 주로 발생한 것으로 나타났다. This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of wind damaged trees in the Hongneung Arboretumin Korea. Many trees in the Hongneung Arboretum were damaged by the ``Kompasu``, the seventh typhoon in the year of 2010 having strong impacts on the central region of Korea. Damaged trees were divided into 3 damage types: windthrow, slanted and broken trees. Most of damaged trees (97.3%) were found at low slope (below 15 degree) or medium slope (15~20 degree). The 45.3% of damaged trees were coniferous and 54.7% were deciduous trees. The wind speed was recorded for the duration of the typhoon from 04:00 AM to 12:00 PM on September 2. The average wind speed and the maximum instantaneous wind speed inside the forest were 1.4 m/ sec and 3.5 m/sec, respectively. The highest peak of the average and the maximum instantaneous wind speed inside of forest, 3.4 m/sec and 8.7 m/sec respectively, were recorded at 06:10 AM on September 2. To analyze relationship between wind characteristics and the damage types, the average wind speed and the frequency of wind wave was compared to those of pre-typhoon period (Feb. 13, Feb. 20, Apr. 21, Oct. 16, 2009 and Mar. 20, 2010). The results indicated that the damaged trees were affected by frequent wind wave rather than the wind speed itself. Also average wind direction inside the forest was analyzed to investigate the impact of wind direction on the damaged trees. The wind had mainly blown from SE and SW, and the maximum instantaneous wind direction was SE direction overall. Most of the damaged trees (84.0%) had fallen down to the NW or NE direction. This result showed that the fallen direction of the damaged trees and wind direction was highly related. Therefore, we found that the frequency of wind wave was the main factor of wind damages during the typhoon ``Kompasu`` and wind direction was highly related to the fallen direction.

전나무림(林), 잣나무림(林) 유역(流域)에서 산림(山林)의 수질정화기능(水質淨化機能)에 미치는 산림시업(山林施業) 영향(影響)(III) -임외우(林外雨), 수관통과우(樹冠通過雨), 수간류(樹幹流)의 pH와 전기전도도(電氣傳導度)를 중심(中心)으로-

정용호,박재현,윤호중,김경하,Jeong, Yongho,Park, Jae Hyeon,Youn, Ho Joong,Kim, Kyong Ha 한국산림과학회 2000 한국산림과학회지 Vol.89 No.2

이 연구는 전나무림과 잣나무림에서 산림시업(山林施業)(간벌 및 가지치기)에 따른 산림(山林)의 수질정화기능(水質淨化機能)을 평가(評價)하기 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 제공(提供)하기 위하여 실시하였다. 1996년 3월부터 5월까지 산림시업을 실시한 광릉시험림 31, 33임반내 전나무림과 잣나무림 유역에서 1999년 5월 4일부터 1999년 11월 1일까지 강우(降雨), 임내우(林內雨)(수관통과우(樹冠通過雨), 수간류(樹幹流))의 수질동태(水質動態)를 분석(分析)하였다. 산림시업 후 약 3년 8개윌이 경과된 1999년 11월 현재, 전나무림과 잣나무림에서 임목의 평균수고(平均樹高)는 시업구(施業區)가 비시업구(非施業區)보다 모두 약 0.5m 더 높았으며, 평균흉고직경(平均胸高直徑)도 시업구가 비시업구보다 각각 약 3.5, 2.6cm 더 성장하여 전나무림과 잣나무림 모두 시업구가 비시업구보다 좋은 성장상태를 보였다. 전나무림과 잣나무림의 시업구, 비시업구에서 평균pH는 초기수관통과우와 초기수간류가 모두 총수관통과우와 총수간류보다 낮았으며, 평균전기전도도는 초기수관통과우와 초기수간류가 총수관통과우와 총수간류보다 높았다. 이와 같이 시업구와 비시업구의 pH와 전기전도도(電氣傳導度)에 대한 산림시업의 영향은 유의성검정결과(有意性檢定結果) 1% 수준(水準)에서 유의(有意)한 결과를 나타내어 전나무림과 잣나무림에서 산림시업(山林施業)으로 임내우(林內雨)의 완충효과(緩衝效果)가 증대(增大)되는 것으로 분석(分析)되었다. This study aims to clarify the effect of forest management practices(thinning and pruning) on water quality to get the fundamental information on the facility of cleansing water quality after forest operation. Rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were sampled at the study sites which consist of Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis in Kwangnung Experimental Forest for 6 months from May 4, to November 1, 1999. Average tree height in the management sites increased by 0.5m more than that in the non-management sites in Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis, respectively. Increment of average D.B.H. at the management sites grew 3.5cm and 2.6cm more in Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis compared with that at non-management sites. Average pH of the total amount for the event in throughfall and stemflow was higher than that of throughfall and stemflow of the beginning of the event at the management and non-management sites. Average electrical conductivity of throughfall and stemflow at the beginning of the event was higher than that of the total amount for the event at management and non-management sites. Water qualities of throughfall and stemflow were buffered more by the management practice in both. The forest management may affect purification of water quality of throughfall and stemflow in Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis.

산림(山林)의 입지환경인자(立地環境因子)가 표층토양(表層土壤)의 조공극률(粗孔極律)에 미치는 영향인자(影響因子) 분석(分析)(I) - 침엽수림(針葉樹林)을 중심(中心)으로 -

정용호,박재현,김경하,윤호중,Jeong, Yongho,Park, Jae Hyeon,Kim, Kyong Ha,Youn, Ho Joong 한국산림과학회 2001 한국산림과학회지 Vol.90 No.3

This study aimed to clarify the influencing factors of mesopore ratio on a pore geometry of surface soil in coniferous stands as an index of the water retention capacity. Twenty three factors including site conditions and soil properties were analyzed by spss/pc + for the data collected during March to October of 1993. The factors influencing the mesopore ratio(pF2.7) on the surface soil were as follows; macropore ratio(pF1.6), slope, crown-cover rates, thickness of F layer, organic matter contents, and the growing stock. And influencing factor on the ratio of mesopore in the soil surface was correlated with percentage of amount of clay, soil surface, A and B horizon soil hardness shows high negative significance. Also, multiple regression equations for mesopore ratios of surface soil and surface soil hardness, clear length, growing stock, B horizon of soil hardness, organic matter contents show high significance($R^2$; 0.80). In coniferous stands, it is effective in promoting development on the ratio of mesopore that forest practice for enhancing of the water resource retention capacity should be carried out when the crown-cover rates of stands are more than 80 percentages. 산림의 수원함양기능 지표로서 표층토양에서의 조공극률(粗孔隙率)(pF2.7)에 영향하는 인자를 밝히기 위해 1993년 3월부터 10월까지 전국의 침엽수림 표본조사구를 대상으로 입지, 토양, 임분환경인자 등 총 23개 조사항목에 대하여 상관분석하였다. 표층토양에서의 조공극률에 영향을 미치는 유의한 인자는 표층토양에서의 조대공극률(粗大孔隙率)(pF1.6), 경사도, 상층식생 울폐도, F층의 두께, 토양의 유기물함량비, 임목축적 등 6개 인자가 정(定)의 상관관계를, 점토함량비, 표층토양의 견밀도, A층, B층 토양견밀도 등 4개 인자가 각각 5%, 1% 수준에서 유의한 부(負)의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 또한, stepwise를 이용한 다중회귀분석결과 표층토양에서의 조공극률에 영향하는 인자는 표층토양의 견밀도, 상층임분 지하고, 임목축적, B층 토양의 견밀도, 토양의 유기물함량비 등 5개 인자이었다. 침엽수림의 수원함양기능 증진을 위한 시업은 표층토양의 조공극 발달이 촉진되도록 상충식생 울폐도가 80%를 넘게 되었을 때 실시해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

우리나라 해안별 해안방재림의 유형특성 비교

김찬범 ( Chan Beom Kim ),박기형 ( Ki Hyung Park ),이창우 ( Chang Woo Lee ),윤호중 ( Ho Joong Youn ),김경하 ( Kyong Ha Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.4

The objective of this study was to select a representative coastal disaster prevention forest type foreach coastal area. In this study, we used cluster analysis with the results obtained from investigation for densityof growing stock, tree height, DBH, and forest width and length of major coastal disaster prevention forestsdistributed in the west, the south, and the east coasts. The results showed that the coastal disaster preventionforests for each coast were classified into two types: a forest type with small DBH and high growing stockdensity (W1) or with high tree height (W2) in the west coast, a forest type with small tree height (S1) or withlarge DBH (S2) in the south coast, and a forest type with small growing stock density (E1) or with small treeheight and low DBH (E2) in the east coast. The coastal disaster prevention forests located in Gurye beach(Hwangchon-ri, Wonbuk-myeon, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) and in Gohsapo beach (Unsna-ri, Byeonsanmyeon,Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do) were selected as the representative forests of W1 and W2, respectively. Inaddition, the coastal disaster prevention forests located in Namyang beach (Namyang-ri, Seolcheon-myeon,Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do) and in Donggo beach (Donggo-ri, Sinji-myeon, Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do)were selected as the representative forests of S1 and S2, respectively. Last, the coastal disaster prevention forestslocated in Bonggil beach (Bonggil-ri, Yangbuk-myeon, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do) and in Anmeok beach(Gyeonso-dong, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do) were selected as the representative forests of E1 and E2,respectively. Our finding is expected to be used as baseline data in establishing the most appropriate coastaldisaster prevention forest for each coast.

산림(山林)의 입지환경인자(立地環境因子)가 표층토양(表層土壤)의 조공극율(粗孔隙率)에 미치는 영향인자(影響因子) 분석(分析)(II) - 활엽수림(闊葉樹林)을 중심(中心)으로 -

정용호,박재현,김경하,윤호중,Jeong, Yongho,Park, Jae Hyeon,Kim, Kyong Ha,Youn, Ho Joong 한국산림과학회 2001 한국산림과학회지 Vol.90 No.4

산림의 수원함양기능 지표인 표층토양에서의 조공극율(粗孔隙率)(pF2.7) 에 영향하는 입지환경인자를 밝히기 위해 1994년 3월부터 10월까지 전국의 활엽수림 표본조사구를 대상으로 업지, 토양, 임분환경인자 등 총 15인자에 대하여 spss/pc+를 이용하여 상관 분석하였다. 표층토양에서의 조공극률에 영향을 미치는 수고, 하층식생 피복도, 토양의 유기물함량비 3개 인자가 유의한 정(正)의 상관관계를, 표층토양의 견밀도가 1% 수준에서 유의한 부(負)의 상관관계를 나타내었다. Stepwise를 이용한 다중회귀분석결과 표층토양에서의 조공극률에 영향하는 인자는 표층토양의 견밀도, 토양의 유기물함량비 2개 인자이었다. 활엽수림의 수원함양기능 증진을 위한 시업은 표층토양의 조공극 발달이 촉진되도록 하층식생 피복도가 30%에서 80%를 유지하도록 실시해야 할 것으로 판단된다. This study aimed to clarify the influencing site factors of the mesopore ratio on a pore geometry of surface soil in deciduous stands as an index of the water retention capacity. Fifteen factors including site conditions and soil properties were analyzed by spss/pc+ for the data collected during March to October of 1994. The factors influencing the mesopore ratio(pF2.7) on the surface soil were as follows; tree height, under vegetation coverage and organic matter contents of soil. And influencing factor on the ratio of mesopore in the soil surface was correlated with surface soil hardness shows high negative significance. Also, multiple regression equations for mesopore ratios of surface soil hardness, organic matter contents of soils show high significance($R^2=0.84$). In deciduous stands, it is effective in promoting development on the ratio of mesopore that forest practice for enhancing of the water resource retention capacity should be carried out when the under vegetation coverage rates of stands are maintained from 30 to 80 percentages.

산림의 공익기능 평가

김종호(Jong Ho Kim),이경학(Kyung Hak Lee),박찬우(Chan Woo Park),서정원(Jeong Won Seo),손영모(Yeong Mo Son),김경하(Kyong Ha Kim),윤호중(Ho Joong Youn),박찬열(Chan Ryul Park),이승우(Sung Woo Lee),오정수(Jeong Soo Oh) 한국산림휴양복지학회 2006 한국산림휴양학회지 Vol.10 No.2

중부 서해안 해안사구 자생식물과 귀화식물 군락의 토양특성 비교

이창우 ( Chan Beom Kim ),김찬범 ( Yow Han Son ),손요환 ( Yeong Tae Bae ),배영태 ( Ki Hyung Park ),박기형 ( Ho Joong Youn ),윤호중 ( Kyong Ha Kim ),김경하 ( Chang Woo Lee ) 한국산림과학회 2013 한국산림과학회지 Vol.102 No.3

This study was conducted to know the effect of major physical-chemical characteristics of soil to be in the area of indigenous and naturalized plant in the sand dune of the western coastal area of Korea. The study was performed on the sand dunes distributed across Taean-gun and Buan-gun and the study period was from April to October in 2010. Sixty nine of 5 m × 5 m study plots were installed and the distribution of plants were investigated. We measured the soil characteristics including soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available P2O5, soil cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cation, EC and NaCl. As a result, soil texture was classified as sand, in case of average pH, NaCl, and EC of soil to be in the area of indigenous herbaceous plant were 7.77, 0.03% and 0.52 ds.m-1, indigenous woody plant of the mean pH, NaCl and EC were 7.31, 0.01%, 0.23 ds.m-1. In case of naturalized herbaceous plant of the mean soil pH, NaCl and EC were 7.12, 0.01%, 0.29 ds.m-1, naturalized woody plant of the mean soil pH, NaCl and EC were 7.34, 0.01%, 0.20 ds.m-1 respectively. On average, naturalize plants showed in low salinity concentration than indigenous plants.

수량화Ⅱ 분석을 이용한 사방지 유지/해제 기준인자 선정

서준표 ( Jun Pyo Seo ),윤호중 ( Ho Joong Youn ),이창우 ( Chang Woo Lee ),우충식 ( Choong Shik Woo ),최두영 ( Doo Young Choi ),정선환 ( Seon Hwan Jeong ),권현정 ( Hyun Jung Kwon ),김경하 ( Kyong Ha Kim ),곽주린 ( Joo Rhin Kwak ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

본 연구는 사방지의 유지 또는 해제를 판단하기 위한 판정기준표의 인자를 선정하기 위하여 수행되었다. 연구에는 사방협회에서 실시하고 있는 사방시설 점검보고서의 최근 3개년 자료(1,387개소)를 이용하였다. 수량화Ⅱ 분석결과, 각 인자별 독립성 및 상관관계를 고려하여 최종적으로 판별적 중률이 가장 높게 나타나는 6개의 인자와 점수는 사방공작물 상태(1.5646)>초류의 피복상태(0.6971)>침식발생 여부(0.5405)>하부계류상태(0.4051)>식재목 생육상태(0.1139)>기타녹화시설 상태(0.0211) 순으로 나타났다. 사방지의 현재 상태를 유지군과 해제군으로 나누었을때 판별적중점은 0.0644로 나타났고, 이를 이용하여 유지군과 해제군의 실측치와 추정치로 재분류한 결과 오분류율은 유지군 10%, 해제군 3%의 오분류율로 나타나 전체 판별적중률 96.8%, 상관비 0.61로 나타났다. 이는 일반적 수량화Ⅱ류의 적중률 판단기준인 판별적중률 75%, 상관비 0.5보다 높은 적중률로 나타났다. 본 연구결과 효과적인 사방지의 유지 또는 해제 기준마련의 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. This study was carried out to select the criterion factors for keeping or removing the erosion control district. We use the inspection reports of erosion control works during the last 3 years provided by sabang association. On the results of quantification Ⅱ analysis, the factors and scores showed the following order considering with the corelation and independence of each factor: the state of erosion control structures(1.5646) > the state of coverage(0.6971) > whether the erosion occur or not(0.5405) > the state of downstream(0.4051) > the state of growth of planted tree(0.1139) > the state of extra greening facilities(0.0211). The criterion score showed 0.0644 to decide whether the state of the erosion control district is keeping or removing. As the result of reclassification with two groups by using this score, the misclassification rate showed that keeping group was 10%, removing group was 3%. And overall hitting rate showed 96.8% and correlation ratio showed 0.61. This values are relatively high than the traditional standard that hitting rate is 75% and corelation ration is 0.5. This results of this research is useful to judge on keeping or removing erosion control district.

산림의 입지환경인자가 표층토양의 조공극률에 미치는 영향인자 분석 (1) - 침엽수림을 중심으로 -

정용호(Yong Ho Jeong),박재현(Jae Hyeon Park),김경하(Kyong Ha Kim),윤호중(Ho Joong Youn) 한국산림과학회 2001 한국산림과학회지 Vol.90 No.3

This study aimed to clarify the influencing factors of mesopore ratio on a pore geometry of surface soil in coniferous stands as an index of the water retention capacity. Twenty three factors including site conditions and soil properties were analyzed by spss/pc + for the data collected during March to October of 1993. The factors influencing the mesopore ratio(pF2.7) on the surface soil were as follows; macropore ratio(pF1.6), slope, crown-cover rates, thickness of F layer, organic matter contents, and the growing stock. And influencing factor on the ratio of mesopore in the soil surface was correlated with percentage of amount of clay, soil surface, A and B horizon soil hardness shows high negative significance. Also, multiple regression equations for mesopore ratios of surface soil and surface soil hardness, clear length, growing stock, B horizon of soil hardness, organic matter contents show high significance(R²; 0.80). In coniferous stands, it is effective in promoting development on the ratio of mesopore that forest practice for enhancing of the water resource retention capacity should be carried out when the crown-cover rates of stands are more than 80 percentages.