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- 저자 : 윤병남 ( Byung Nam Yoon ) (검색결과 14 건)
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江戶時代 중기의 幕藩關係 : 幕府의 阿仁銅山 「上知」기도와 秋田藩의 대응
Yoon Byung Nam(尹炳男) 일본사학회 1995 일본역사연구 Vol.1 No.-
This study has intended to suggest a new perspective on the relationship between the Tokugawa bakufu and the domains by looking into the Akita domain and its copper mining industry. While previous studies have seen this relationship mostly in the light of the absolute bakufu superiority over the domains, this study has tried to see it from the domain’s point of view. Rather than simply describing the bakufu measures, more emphasis has been placed on the domain reactions. Akita domain’s complicated dealings with the bakufu reflected significant changes in the relationship between the bakufu and the domains. That the domains remained defensive in their dealings with the bakufu in the seventeenth century cannot be denied. In the eighteenth century, however, the domain enjoyed more secure rule internally, and this was reflected in its relations with the bakufu. With the continuing peace the warrior society began to pay more attention to the economic matters than to the military matters. As the bakufu faced financial problems, its earlier generosity gave way to its keen interest in creating revenues. It came to compete with the domains in many areas, and the bakufu had difficulty justifying its case. This study focus on a crisis caused by the 1764 bakufu attempt to confiscate the Ani copper mine of the Akita domain, which served as the main source of domain cash income. Those who advocated bakufu superiority over the domains have found its perfect example in the bakufu attempt. It is undeniable that this event reflected to some extent the precarious position in which the domain was put in dealing with the bakufu. The domain, however, was well equipped with logic and the resources to prove it. It insisted in its petition to the bakufu that the bakufu action could not be justified. It made a stunning statement claiming that even the bakufu could not treat the domain lightly whose rule had been recognized by Tokugawa Ieyasu and his successors. This implies the growing difficulty the bakufu had in dealing with the domains in the matters in which economic interest was involved. The domain made a strenuous effort to foil the bakufu attempt by aggressively lobbying powerful bakufu officials such as Tanurna Okitsugu, with whom it developed strong ties. It knew where the power resided and how to act on those officials. The domain had successfully blocked the bakufu’s attempt to exercise its foremost authority. The incident illustrates the domain’s resourcefulness which had been demonstrated in engaging in copper mining and trade.
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아동문학작품의 번역오류유형 분석을 통한 영어교육의 방향제시
윤병남(Yoon, Byung-Nam),정동빈(Jeong, Dong-Bin) 한국영어교과교육학회 2011 영어교과교육 Vol.10 No.2
The purpose of this study is to analyze errors of English-Korean translation in the children’s literary work Sing Down the Moon by Scott O’Dell and to suggest a proper way to reduce those errors in English translation education. First, some mistranslated parts in the book were identified, with some alternative translations suggested by comparing with the original work. Then, after combining the error types of five researchers’, Ko(1997), Cho(1999), Cho(2001), Kim(2003), and Woo(2006), the errors were newly classified into four types of errors associated with the translation of the book: mistranslation of words, mistranslation of phrases or sentences, content omissions, and content additions. The result of the analysis shows that there are a total of 76 cases of errors found in the translated book. The most frequent error found is mistranslation of the words with 32 cases (error rate of 42%), and the second is mistranslation of the phrases or sentences with 22 cases (29%). The error of content omissions with 16 cases (21%) is the next and that of content additions with 6 cases (8%) is the least. One of the most important tasks of a translation is the accurate delivery of the source information and/or message in the most natural target language in accordance with the purpose of translation. Translators should do their best to meet the equivalence of translation. To reduce those errors and improve translation competence, English teachers and teaching pedagogy should be more interested in teaching vocabulary and proper reading comprehension skills based on precise grammatical knowledge.
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尹炳男(Yoon Byung-Nam) 역사학회 2006 역사학보 Vol.0 No.192
In the late eighteenth century the Akita domain launched a reform of the Ani copper mine right after the confiscation crisis, but only two years later a new bakufu policy on copper forced the domain to change its policy again. This domain policy resulted in a strong bakufu reprimand against domain's failure to supply export copper. The Akita domain, however, was not without its own agenda in making the most of its valuable resource, copper mines. Around this period the domain came up with a plan to have its own copper refinery where the whole refining process could be carried out. The domain pursued that goal vigorously by adopting bold and unconventional means, such as the invitation to Hiraga Gennai (1728-1780) and Yoshida Rihei to come to Akita, as well as its dealings with the Osakaya house, one of the Osaka refiners. Hiraga Gennai, a samurai turned naturalist and writer, as his contemporary Sugita Gempaku put it, lived an extraordinary life. After his departure from Takamatsu, Gennai spent most of his time in Edo, but his life was known for frequent travels crisscrossing the country. His intellectual journey was also very colorful: He started as a student of natural studies, but moved from one specialty to another accomplishing greatly in various fields such as art, writing, manufacturing and mining. Gennai was not so much a scholar as a practitioner. From the very beginning he showed more interest in practicing what he learned than in learning itself. For him what could not be practiced worth little. Based on this concept of learning he earnestly pursued accomplishing whatever might be beneficial to the country and the populace. The invitation of Gennai to Akita, the largest copper producer, marked a pinnacle in his mining career. He was accompanied by Yoshida Rihei, his partner in mining ventures. Their invitation was inspired by the idea of the domain copper refinery, but their activities in the domain were broad, and consisted of giving technical advice for mining in general and examining various mines rather than concentrating on the issue of copper refining. Their itinerary was thus set up to cover most of major mines in the domain. At Innai and Ani they discussed surveying techniques and the renovation of mines with domain officials and contractors. Their long stay at the Ani copper mine underscores the probability that they were invited mainly for the Ani copper mine. They surveyed and examined the major shafts or pits. They also worked with engineers of the mine to deal with drainage problems. Finally, they conducted the experimental refining of copper, the most critical work in their visit. The experiment resulted in some silver, but it was far below the amount the domain had expected to obtain. Their visit provided domain officials and mining contractors with a rare opportunity to confer with outside specialists from a technically advanced area about various matters related to mining. Gennai's visit failed to deliver the refining technique to the domain. His effort to develop the Numadate zinc mine also ended in failure. Despite these failures, their visit to Akita helped the domain move one step forward in its effort to establish a domain copper refinery. General technical advice given to the domain officials and contractors was appreciated. In Akita they also had a chance to discuss economic and mining policy in general with the domain officials. That the domain was satisfied with their visit was reflected in the generous rewards given to both men. The most innovative among the initiatives taken by the Akita domain was the project to build its own refinery where the final process of copper refining could be performed. The plan, which came up in the late eighteenth century, was a radical move that could change the existing pattern of copper trade by ending the long-held monopoly of Osaka refiners over copper refining. The domain also had a difficult task of persuading the bakufu to cha
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윤병남 ( Byung Nam Yoon ),최성혜 ( Seong Hye Choi ),나정호 ( Joung Ho Rha ),성정준 ( Jung Joon Sung ),마은주 ( Eun Ju Ma ),이광우 ( Kwang Woo Lee ) 대한외상학회 2014 大韓外傷學會誌 Vol.27 No.3
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that provides movement and feeling to the shoulder, armand hand. The majority of acute brachial plexus injuries occur when the plexus is stretched violently or torn. This happens as result of the shoulder being pressed down forcefully while the head is pushed up and away from that shoulder. Such injuries frequently result from automobile or motor-cycle accidents or from falls and usually affect one side. Nerve injuries vary in severity from a mild stretching of the nerve to a tearing of the nerve root away from the spinal cord. We experienced a 50-year-old woman with weakness in both upper extremities after an attempted hanging. A consecutive workup revealed bilateral brachial plexus injuries. Six months after the incident, she had fully recovered. This is a very rare case of bilateral brachial plexus injuries after an attempted hanging. [ J Trauma Inj 2014;27:79-83 ]
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Yoon Byung Nam(尹炳男) 일본사학회 2002 일본역사연구 Vol.16 No.-
Since their first encounter with the Japanese in the middle of the sixteenth century Westerners tried very hard to figure out who the Japanese emperor was. Few contemporary Japanese paid attention to the emperor or the imperial institution. As a result the emperor was rarely mentioned in contemporary Japanese documents. The emperor, however, attracted the attention of the Jesuit missionaries who were looking for the ultimate protector of their Christian mission in Japan. They made serious efforts to approach the emperor and these efforts could be chronicled in their documents. What is very important in Westerners’ understanding of the Japanese emperor is that they came to realize that the position and role of the emperor changed historically. In the sixteenth and seventeenth century the Jesuit missionaries watched the emperor maneuvering in the midst of power struggle between shogun, unifiers and powerful daimyo. In the late nineteenth century Western diplomats were able to see the emergence of the emperor as a key player in the Japanese politics. They tried to understand how the imperial institution was able to persist even after it stopped functioning as a secular power. They found a very useful framework in explaining the coexistence between the emperor and the shogun in their own history. The Japanese emperor could be compared to the Pope of Europe. Engelbert Kaempfer who came to Japan in the late seventeenth century suggested the dual structure of ecclesiastical emperor and secular emperor. This conceptualization of Japanese emperor was succeeded by Commodore Perry who opened Japan in the middle of nineteenth century.
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